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Criminal Justice > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

4th Amendment

A

Protects against unreasonable search and seizure

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2
Q

5th Amendment

A

The Right to Remain Silent/Double Jeopardy, right to due process

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3
Q

6th Amendment

A

Right to a speedy trial

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4
Q

8th Amendment

A

No cruel or unusual punishment

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5
Q

Actus Reus

A

“a guilty act.” people may not be convicted of a crime simply because of their status

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6
Q

Administrative Law

A

The body of law that regulates the operation and procedures of government agencies

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7
Q

Affirmative Action

A

A policy designed to redress past discrimination through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities

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8
Q

Aggressive order maintenance

A

Policing activities that address noncriminal or minor offenses that affect residents’ quality of life

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9
Q

American Policing Eras

A

Colonial, Political, Professional, Community and New

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10
Q

Beyond a reasonable doubt

A

The level of proof required to convict a person of a crime

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11
Q

Broken Windows Theory

A

A theory proposing that even small acts of crime, disorder, and vandalism can threaten a neighborhood and render it unsafe

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12
Q

Brutality

A

Cruel violence

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13
Q

Carroll v. U.S. (1925)

A

Warrantless search of an automobile does not violate 4th amendment. Vehicle is mobile.

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14
Q

Causation

A

Casual relationship between an act and the harm suffered

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15
Q

Chimel v. California (1969)

A

Supreme Court decision that endorsed warrantless searches for weapons and evidence in the immediate vicinity of people who are lawfully arrested

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16
Q

Civil Law

A

A law that governs relationships between individuals and defines their legal rights

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17
Q

Code of Silence

A

Code among officers whereby they refuse to testify against their own

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18
Q

Colonial Era

A

1700s - 1830s, use of watch system

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19
Q

Community Era

A

1980s, Proactive efforts to better involve the community

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20
Q

Community Oriented Policing

A

Programs and strategies designed to bring police and the public closer together

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21
Q

CompStat

A

A crime-analysis and police-management process built on crime mapping that was developed by the New York City Police Department in the mid-1990s

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22
Q

Concurrence

A

Act and intent must be present at the same time

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23
Q

Crime

A

An act that violates criminal law and is punishable by criminal sanctions

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24
Q

Crime Analysis

A

The use of analytical methods to obtain pertinent information on crime patterns and trends that can then be disseminated to officers on the street

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25
Q

Crime Triangle

A

Offender, Victim, Location

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26
Q

Criminal Control Model

A

Emphasizes the efficient arrest of criminal offenders

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27
Q

Criminal Justice Field

A

Study of agencies related to the control of crime

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28
Q

Criminal Law

A

A system of law concerned with the punishment of those who commit crimes

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29
Q

Criminology Field

A

Study of crime trends, nature of crime, theories of crime

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30
Q

Dark Figure of Crime

A

Crime that is not reported to the police and remains unknows to officails

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31
Q

Deviance

A

Behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society

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32
Q

Discretion

A

Decision making by CJ system based on personal judgement instead of formal rules or official information

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33
Q

Disparity

A

A difference does not necessarily involve discrimination

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34
Q

Due Process Clause

A

Prohibits the government from taking any action that would deprive of person of their natural rights

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35
Q

Due Process Model

A

Emphasizes individual rights at all stages of justice system processing

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36
Q

Due Process Revolution

A

U.S. Supreme Court application of the Bill of Rights to state criminal proceedings

37
Q

Duress

A

A person commits a crime because he or she is forced to do so by another person

38
Q

Exceptions to Fruit of the Poisonous Tree

A

Purged taint, independent source, inevitable discovery

39
Q

Exclusionary Rule

A

Evidence seized by illegal means cannot be used during a criminal trial

40
Q

Extortion

A

Getting money by threats

41
Q

Extralegal Factors

A

Something not governed by laws

42
Q

“Father of Policing”

A

Sir Robert Peel

43
Q

Fruits of the Poisonous Tree Doctrine

A

Holds that evidence gathered with the assistance of illegally obtained information must be excluded from trial

44
Q

Gratuities

A

Items of value received by someone because of his or her role or job rather than because of a personal relationship

45
Q

Insanity

A

A defendant can be competent and not sane

46
Q

Institutionalized discrimination

A

Racial and ethnic disparities in outcomes based on applications of racially neutral factors

47
Q

Intelligence-led policing

A

Measures the risk of criminal behavior associated with certain individuals or locations so as to predict when and where such criminal behavior is most likely to occur in the future.

48
Q

Internal corruption

A

Officers pay members of their department for special assignments or promotions

49
Q

Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment

A

Police study that found that changes to police presence did not have a significant effect on crime or change citizen satisfaction levels with the police

50
Q

Kerner Commission

A

A group that was appointed by President Johnson to study the causes of urban violence and that recommended the elimination of de facto segregation in American society

51
Q

Mala in Se

A

Would be considered
wrong even if there were no law prohibiting it

52
Q

Mala Prohibita

A

Actions that are illegal simply because law forbits them

53
Q

Mapp v. Ohio (1961)

A

Established exclusionary rule; illegally obtained evidence cannot be used in court; Warren Court’s judicial activism.

54
Q

Mens Res

A

Guilty blameworthy state of mind; criminal intent

55
Q

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

A

The court ruled that those subjected to in-custody interrogation be advised of their constitutional right to an attorney and their right to remain silent.

56
Q

Mistake

A

The court has generally upheld the view that ignorance of the law is no excuse for committing an illegal act

57
Q

National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)

A

A reporting system in which the police describe each offense in a crime incident, together with data describing the offender, victim and property

58
Q

Necessity

A

The person breaks the law in order to save him or herself to prevent some greater harm

59
Q

New Era

A

2000s - Present

60
Q

Newark Foot Patrol Experiment

A

Conducted from 1978 to 1979 to test the effect of foot patrol on crime and public perception; the Newark experiment concluded that added foot patrol did not affect serious crime but did have a positive impact on public perception of the police

61
Q

Normative Law

A

An ultimate form of social sanction backing up social norms, expectations or rules of behavior

62
Q

Part I offenses

A

Ten serious crimes that occur on a regular basis and are likely to be reported to law enforcement

63
Q

Part II offenses

A

Represent “less serious” crime classifications

64
Q

Police Ambiguities

A

What they are tasked with doing

65
Q

Police corruption

A

The abuse of police authority for personal or organizational gain

66
Q

Police Discretion

A

Using their own judgement to make decisions

67
Q

Police Subculture

A

The values and perceptions that are shared by member of a police department and to a certain extent by all law enforcement agencies

68
Q

Political Era

A

1840s - 1920s, police were tied closely to politicians

69
Q

Preponderance of the Evidence

A

The standard of proof in a civil case in which a judge or jury must believe the plaintiff’s story and evidence is stronger than the defendant’s version

70
Q

Problem-oriented policing

A

Officers routinely seek to identify, analyze, and respond to the circumstances underlying the incidents that prompt citizens to call the police

71
Q

Professional Era

A

1920s - 1970, Idea that police should be close to the public

72
Q

Pure Justice

A

No racial or ethnic discrimination at all

73
Q

Reliability

A

Consistency of measurement

74
Q

Remedy

A

A judicial order enforcing a right or redressing a wrong

75
Q

SARA Model

A

Scanning, Analysis, Response, Assessment

76
Q

Seizure

A

The taking possession of property by government because of a suspected violated of law

77
Q

Slave patrols

A

Police-type organizations created in the American South during colonial times to control slaves and support the southern economic system of slavery

78
Q

Strict Liability

A

The legal responsibility for damage or injury even if you are not negligent

79
Q

Substantive due process

A

Constitutional requirements that government act reasonably and that the substance of the laws themselves be fair and reasonable; limits what a government may do

80
Q

Systemic Discrimination

A

Discrimination at all stages of the criminal justice system

81
Q

Tennessee v. Garner (1985)

A

Deadly force may not be used against an unarmed and fleeing suspect unless necessary to prevent the escape and unless the officer has probable cause to believe that the suspect poses a significant threat of death or serious injury to the officers or others.

82
Q

Terry v. Ohio (1968)

A

Supreme Court decision endorsing police officers’ authority to stop and frisk suspects on the streets when there is reasonable suspicion that they are armed and involved in criminal activity

83
Q

Three additional features added to American Policing

A
  1. Limited police authority
  2. Local law enforcement agencies
  3. Decentralized and fragmented system of police
84
Q

Three main concepts adopted from British policing from uniformed police force

A
  1. Mission
  2. Strategy
  3. Organizational structure
85
Q

Tokenism

A

Belief that they were hired/promoted to fulfil diversity requirements

86
Q

U.S. v. Leon (1984)

A

Established the “good faith” exception to the exclusionary rule

87
Q

Uniform Crime Report (UCR)

A

An official measure of crime in the United States, produced by the FBI’s official tabulation of every crime reported by more than 18,00 law enforcement agencies

88
Q

Use of Force

A

Amount of effort required by police to compel compliance by an unwilling subject

89
Q

Validity

A

Measuring exactly what you intend to measure

Criminal Justice (3 decks)

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