Exam 1

Question 1

hyponatremia

Answer 1

<135
lethargy, confusion, convulsions, coma

Question 2

hypernatremia

Answer 2

> 145
thirst, lethargy, weakness, agitation, irritability

Question 3

hypokalemia

Answer 3

<3.6
weakness, lethargy, hyporflexia, constipation

Question 4

hyperkalemia

Answer 4

> 5.2
cramps, weakness, elevated T-wave

Question 5

hypocalcemia

Answer 5

<8.5
anxiety, confusion, tetany, seizures, fractures
give calcium via IV
positive Chvostek’s and Trousseau’s

Question 6

hypercalcemia

Answer 6

> 10.2
dehydration, renal stones, confusion, thirst, polyuria
Give Lasix, calcitonin, and isotonic fluids

Question 7

hypomagnesemia

Answer 7

<1.7
tremors, twitching, tetany, tachycardia

Question 8

hypermagnesemia

Answer 8

> 2.2
weakness, drowsy, bradycardia, hypotension

Question 9

hypophosphatemia

Answer 9

<2.5
anorexia, weakness, muscle pain, Rhabdomyolysis

Question 10

hyperphosphatemia

Answer 10

> 4.5
cramps, pain, muscle spasms

Question 11

ABG interpretation

Answer 11

arterial blood gas
look at pH, PaCO2, and bicarb
evaluate pH and PaCO2 relationship for respiratory problem
evaluate pH and bicarb relationship for metabolic problem
evaluate oxygenation
ph (7.35-7.45)
PaCo2 (35-45)
HCO3 (22-26)

Question 12

metabolic acidosis

Answer 12

pH<7.35 HCO3<22
headache, weakness, fatigue, anorexia, nausea, cardiac arrest, rapid respirations

Question 13

metabolic alkalosis

Answer 13

pH>7.45 HCO3>26
spasms, numbness, tingling, tetany, confusion

Question 14

respiratory acidosis

Answer 14

pH<7.35 PaCO2>45
headache, irritability, blurred vision, cardiac arrest
oxygen, BIPAP, ventilation

Question 15

respiratory alkalosis

Answer 15

pH>7.45 PaCO2<35
tremors, tinnitus, seizures, panic
breath in CO2, sedation

Question 16

low flow oxygen delivery

Answer 16

nasal cannula (1-6 L)
face mask (simple, partial rebreather, non-rebreather) (6-10 L)

Question 17

high flow oxygen delivery

Answer 17

venturi mask (60 L)
aerosol mask
trach collar
high flow nasal cannula (60 L)

Question 18

non-invasive positive pressure ventilation

Answer 18

CPAP (provides air high enough to prevent the collapse of a lung) (same amount of pressure during inhaling and exhaling)
BIPAP (delivers higher pressure when you breath in)

Question 19

respiratory therapeutics

Answer 19

incentive spirometer (slow, deep breaths to keep the lungs strong)
chest physiotherapy (airway clearance technique to drain the lungs)
nebulizer treatments (administer medication quickly to the lungs)
mechanical ventilation (takes over the work of breathing when a person cannot breathe on their own)

Question 20

RAAS

Answer 20

renin angiotensin aldosterone system
decrease in blood flow or blood pressure
angiotensin ll
retain sodium and water

Question 21

hypovolemia

Answer 21

fluid volume deficit
decrease in intravascular, interstitial, and/or intracellular fluid in the body
vomiting and diarrhea, GI suctioning, hemorrhage
weight loss, decreased skin turgor, decreased urine output, tachycardia, hypotension

Question 22

hypervolemia

Answer 22

fluid volume excess
water and sodium are retained
daily weight, sodium/water intake
diuretics, dialysis

Question 23

upper airway

Answer 23

paranasal sinuses
nasal cavity
soft palate
hard palate
nostril
oral cavity
tongue
pharynx
larynx
trachea
vocal cords

Question 24

lower airway

Answer 24

larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs
bronchioles
ribs
intercostal muscles
diaphragm
alveoli
alveolar sac

Question 25

shunt

Answer 25

alveoli are perfused but not ventilated alveoli fill with fluid

Question 26

dead space

Answer 26

alveoli are ventilated but not perfused volume of air that does not participate in gas exchange

Question 27

perfusion

Answer 27

the flow of blood to alveolar capillaries

Question 28

ventilation

Answer 28

the flow of air into and out of the alveoli

Question 29

assessment of respiratory system

Answer 29

history of present illness factors that exacerbate or improve symptoms health history physical assessment (inspect, palpate, percuss, auscultate)

Question 30

normal breath sounds

Answer 30

bronchial: loud, high pitched, hollow bronchiovesicular: medium pitched, tubular vesicular: soft, low pitched, gentle

Question 31

abnormal breath sounds

Answer 31

crackles: bubbling, pneumonia, bronchitis wheezes: musical, bronchitis, emphysema, asthma friction rub: loud, dry, breaking, pleural inflammation

Question 32

ABG

Answer 32

arterial blood gas measures pH, oxygen, and carbon dioxide levels in the blood

Question 33

pulse oximetry

Answer 33

utilizes wavelengths of light to measure saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen

Question 34

capnography

Answer 34

continuous monitors PaCO2 in the airway with written tracing

Question 35

capnometry

Answer 35

one time measure CO2 exhaled without continuous tracing

Question 36

sputum analysis

Answer 36

check for microorganisms and abnormal cell growth

Question 37

chest x-rays

Answer 37

may identify lungs, heart, and pleural space problems

Question 38

pulmonary function test

Answer 38

evaluate lung volumes to determine function

Question 39

bronchoscopy

Answer 39

allows for direct visualization of the respiratory tract down to the level of the secondary bronchi

Question 40

thoracentesis

Answer 40

needle is inserted into the pleural space to remove a specimen or excess fluid/air

Question 41

lung biopsy

Answer 41

small piece of lung tissue removed and analyzed under a microscope

Question 42

upper respiratory tract

Answer 42

surface epithelium secretes antimicrobial peptides cilia mucociliary escalator aspiration colonization

Question 43

lower respiratory tract

Answer 43

no resident flora sterile alveolar macrophages perform phagocytosis

Question 44

influenza

Answer 44

highly contagious A, B, and C aerosolization of small droplets from infected individual's sneezing or coughing direct contact with fomites inhaled and deposited on upper respiratory tract more sever than a cold manage: sample secretions, rapid tests, annual vaccinations

Question 45

pneumonia

Answer 45

any time at any age inflammation of the lung parenchyma from bacterial, viral, or fungal infection fever, chills, fatigue, tachypnea, dyspnea, cough, chest pain, myalgia, tachycardia manage: laboratory and imaging studies

Question 46

tuberculosis

Answer 46

life threatening caused by M. tuberculosis transmitted by aerosolized droplets inhaled from the coughing or sneezing of an infected individual can remain in air for several hours manage: lab testing, skin testing, chest x-ray, skin test, goal to cure patient and minimize exposure

Question 47

rhinitis

Answer 47

irritation and swelling of the mucous membrane in the nose

Question 48

sinusitis

Answer 48

cavities around the nasal passages become inflamed

Question 49

OSA

Answer 49

obstructive sleep apnea intermittent airflow blockage during sleep

Question 50

laryngitis

Answer 50

inflammation of your voice box from overuse, irritation, or infection