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Adult Health > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

hyponatremia

A

<135
lethargy, confusion, convulsions, coma

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2
Q

hypernatremia

A

> 145
thirst, lethargy, weakness, agitation, irritability

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3
Q

hypokalemia

A

<3.6
weakness, lethargy, hyporflexia, constipation

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4
Q

hyperkalemia

A

> 5.2
cramps, weakness, elevated T-wave

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5
Q

hypocalcemia

A

<8.5
anxiety, confusion, tetany, seizures, fractures
give calcium via IV
positive Chvostek’s and Trousseau’s

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6
Q

hypercalcemia

A

> 10.2
dehydration, renal stones, confusion, thirst, polyuria
Give Lasix, calcitonin, and isotonic fluids

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7
Q

hypomagnesemia

A

<1.7
tremors, twitching, tetany, tachycardia

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8
Q

hypermagnesemia

A

> 2.2
weakness, drowsy, bradycardia, hypotension

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9
Q

hypophosphatemia

A

<2.5
anorexia, weakness, muscle pain, Rhabdomyolysis

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10
Q

hyperphosphatemia

A

> 4.5
cramps, pain, muscle spasms

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11
Q

ABG interpretation

A

arterial blood gas
look at pH, PaCO2, and bicarb
evaluate pH and PaCO2 relationship for respiratory problem
evaluate pH and bicarb relationship for metabolic problem
evaluate oxygenation
ph (7.35-7.45)
PaCo2 (35-45)
HCO3 (22-26)

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12
Q

metabolic acidosis

A

pH<7.35 HCO3<22
headache, weakness, fatigue, anorexia, nausea, cardiac arrest, rapid respirations

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13
Q

metabolic alkalosis

A

pH>7.45 HCO3>26
spasms, numbness, tingling, tetany, confusion

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14
Q

respiratory acidosis

A

pH<7.35 PaCO2>45
headache, irritability, blurred vision, cardiac arrest
oxygen, BIPAP, ventilation

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15
Q

respiratory alkalosis

A

pH>7.45 PaCO2<35
tremors, tinnitus, seizures, panic
breath in CO2, sedation

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16
Q

low flow oxygen delivery

A

nasal cannula (1-6 L)
face mask (simple, partial rebreather, non-rebreather) (6-10 L)

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17
Q

high flow oxygen delivery

A

venturi mask (60 L)
aerosol mask
trach collar
high flow nasal cannula (60 L)

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18
Q

non-invasive positive pressure ventilation

A

CPAP (provides air high enough to prevent the collapse of a lung) (same amount of pressure during inhaling and exhaling)
BIPAP (delivers higher pressure when you breath in)

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19
Q

respiratory therapeutics

A

incentive spirometer (slow, deep breaths to keep the lungs strong)
chest physiotherapy (airway clearance technique to drain the lungs)
nebulizer treatments (administer medication quickly to the lungs)
mechanical ventilation (takes over the work of breathing when a person cannot breathe on their own)

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20
Q

RAAS

A

renin angiotensin aldosterone system
decrease in blood flow or blood pressure
angiotensin ll
retain sodium and water

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21
Q

hypovolemia

A

fluid volume deficit
decrease in intravascular, interstitial, and/or intracellular fluid in the body
vomiting and diarrhea, GI suctioning, hemorrhage
weight loss, decreased skin turgor, decreased urine output, tachycardia, hypotension

22
Q

hypervolemia

A

fluid volume excess
water and sodium are retained
daily weight, sodium/water intake
diuretics, dialysis

23
Q

upper airway

A

paranasal sinuses
nasal cavity
soft palate
hard palate
nostril
oral cavity
tongue
pharynx
larynx
trachea
vocal cords

24
Q

lower airway

A

larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs
bronchioles
ribs
intercostal muscles
diaphragm
alveoli
alveolar sac

25
Q

shunt

A

alveoli are perfused but not ventilated
alveoli fill with fluid

26
Q

dead space

A

alveoli are ventilated but not perfused
volume of air that does not participate in gas exchange

27
Q

perfusion

A

the flow of blood to alveolar capillaries

28
Q

ventilation

A

the flow of air into and out of the alveoli

29
Q

assessment of respiratory system

A

history of present illness
factors that exacerbate or improve symptoms
health history
physical assessment (inspect, palpate, percuss, auscultate)

30
Q

normal breath sounds

A

bronchial: loud, high pitched, hollow
bronchiovesicular: medium pitched, tubular
vesicular: soft, low pitched, gentle

31
Q

abnormal breath sounds

A

crackles: bubbling, pneumonia, bronchitis
wheezes: musical, bronchitis, emphysema, asthma
friction rub: loud, dry, breaking, pleural inflammation

32
Q

ABG

A

arterial blood gas
measures pH, oxygen, and carbon dioxide levels in the blood

33
Q

pulse oximetry

A

utilizes wavelengths of light to measure saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen

34
Q

capnography

A

continuous
monitors PaCO2
in the airway with written tracing

35
Q

capnometry

A

one time
measure CO2
exhaled without continuous tracing

36
Q

sputum analysis

A

check for microorganisms and abnormal cell growth

37
Q

chest x-rays

A

may identify lungs, heart, and pleural space problems

38
Q

pulmonary function test

A

evaluate lung volumes to determine function

39
Q

bronchoscopy

A

allows for direct visualization of the respiratory tract down to the level of the secondary bronchi

40
Q

thoracentesis

A

needle is inserted into the pleural space to remove a specimen or excess fluid/air

41
Q

lung biopsy

A

small piece of lung tissue removed and analyzed under a microscope

42
Q

upper respiratory tract

A

surface epithelium secretes antimicrobial peptides
cilia
mucociliary escalator
aspiration
colonization

43
Q

lower respiratory tract

A

no resident flora
sterile
alveolar macrophages perform phagocytosis

44
Q

influenza

A

highly contagious
A, B, and C
aerosolization of small droplets from infected individual’s sneezing or coughing
direct contact with fomites inhaled and deposited on upper respiratory tract
more sever than a cold
manage: sample secretions, rapid tests, annual vaccinations

45
Q

pneumonia

A

any time at any age
inflammation of the lung parenchyma from bacterial, viral, or fungal infection
fever, chills, fatigue, tachypnea, dyspnea, cough, chest pain, myalgia, tachycardia
manage: laboratory and imaging studies

46
Q

tuberculosis

A

life threatening
caused by M. tuberculosis
transmitted by aerosolized droplets inhaled from the coughing or sneezing of an infected individual
can remain in air for several hours
manage: lab testing, skin testing, chest x-ray, skin test, goal to cure patient and minimize exposure

47
Q

rhinitis

A

irritation and swelling of the mucous membrane in the nose

48
Q

sinusitis

A

cavities around the nasal passages become inflamed

49
Q

OSA

A

obstructive sleep apnea
intermittent airflow blockage during sleep

50
Q

laryngitis

A

inflammation of your voice box from overuse, irritation, or infection

Adult Health (1 decks)

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