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Biology Lab > Exam #1 > Flashcards

Exam #1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

1cm= how many mm?

A

10 mm

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2
Q

1mm= how many microns?

A

1000 microns

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3
Q

Eyepiece (ocular lens)

A

Magnifying lens that enlarges the microscopic image 10x. The piece that you look in.

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4
Q

Rotating Nosepiece

A

Holds several objective lenses of different magnifications. By rotating it, one can change the magnification of the microscope.

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5
Q

Objective Lense

A

They magnify the image coming directly from the object. There are 3 objective lenses: scanning(4x), low power(10x), and high power(40x).

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6
Q

Focal Adjustment Knobs

A

These adjust the focus of the microscope. They alter the working distance, the distance between the objective lens and the object.

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7
Q

Coarse Adjustment Knob

A

Moves the lens or the stage a relatively great distance and should only be used with the scanning(4x) and the low power(10x) objectives.

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8
Q

Fine Adjustment Knob

A

Used for precision focusing with all objectives.

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9
Q

Stage

A

The platform beneath the objective lenses. It supports the slide.

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10
Q

Iris Diaphragm

A

A circular opening beneath the stage. Controls the amount of light passing through the object.

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11
Q

Light Source

A

It is built-in and operated by the light switch. It provides the light to form the magnified image.

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12
Q

When magnification is higher illumination is…

A

Lower.

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13
Q

When magnification is higher the field of view is what?

A

Lower.

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14
Q

True or False: The movement of the object in a compound microscope is opposite.

A

True.

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15
Q

True or False: The movement of the object in a dissection microscope coincides.

A

True.

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16
Q

How do you calculate magnification?

A

The ocular lens (10x) x the objective lens.
Example: 10 x scanning lens(4x) = 40

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17
Q

What do green plant cells (Elodea plant) contain??

A

Cell wall, nucleus, central vacuole, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and chloroplasts.

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18
Q

What do non green plant cells (Onion) contain?

A

Cell wall, nucleus, central vacuole, cytoplasm, and cell membrane.

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19
Q

What do animal cells (Cheek) contain?

A

Nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm.

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20
Q

What do animal cells (Muscle) contain?

A

Nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm.

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21
Q

Identify 3 cellular features present in both plant and animal cells.

A

Nucleus, cell membrane, and cytoplasm.

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22
Q

What cytoplasmic component is found only in green plants?

A

Chloroplasts.

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23
Q

What do green plant cells have that animal cells don’t?

A

Chloroplasts, central vacuole, and a cell wall.

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24
Q

True or False: The central vacuole pushes the nucleus to the side of the cell in plant cells.

A

True.

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25
Q

What occupies the center of a plant cell?

A

Central vacuole.

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26
Q

Elodea leaf cell.

A

The shape is rectangle. It has two layers of cells.

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27
Q

Onion Epidermal Cells.

A

Plasma membrane is lining the cell wall internally. Estimated size is 2mm. The central vacuole is at the center.

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28
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Eukaryotic cells divide (cell division), and an orderly process of duplicating and equally dividing the genetic material in the nucleus.

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29
Q

What happens in interphase?

A

Cell divides, exact duplication of each chromosome forming two identical strands. Starts with 6 chromosomes and ends with 12 chromosomes.

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30
Q

What happens in prophase?

A

Replicated chromatin threads cool forming chromosomes, nuclear membrane starts to disintegrate, centrioles go to opposite poles of the cell and the spindle is formed, the chromosomes move toward the center of the cell, nuclear membrane is no longer visible.

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31
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

Chromosomes align in the middle of the cell. Each duplicated chromosome is composed of 2 chromatids, they are attached to spindle fibers that extend to each centriole.

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32
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

Two identical chromatids of each pair separate and move toward opposite poles of the cell.

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33
Q

What happens in telophase?

A

Reverse of prophase. Chromosomes begin to uncoil and elongate while a new nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes. Elongation of the cell occurs followed by cleavage furrow(a construction of the cell at the center). Marks beginning of cytokinesis.

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34
Q

How many chromatin strands are present as prophase begins?

A

12 strands.

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35
Q

How many chromatids (coiled chromatin strands) in prophase?

A

12 chromatids.

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36
Q

How many doubled chromosomes in metaphase?

A

6 chromosomes.

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37
Q

How many chromosomes in anaphase?

A

12 chromosomes.

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38
Q

How many chromosomes in each daughter cell?

A

6 chromosomes.

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39
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of molecules “down the concentration gradient” (from high to low). Does not require outside energy.

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40
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The diffusion of water molecules through a semi-permeable membrane.

41
Q

What relationship exists between molecular weight and the rate of diffusion?

A

The lighter the weight the faster the rate of diffusion.

42
Q

True or False: Molecules diffuse slower when they are cold.

A

True.

43
Q

Explain the cause of plasmolysis (Elodea cell).

A

The salt solution causes the central vacuole to shrink because it is made up of water.

44
Q

True or False: Water molecules tend to move from an area of their higher concentration to an area of their lower concentration.

A

True.

45
Q

What is Bacillus?

A

Rodlike bacteria.

46
Q

What is coccus?

A

Spherelike bacteria.

47
Q

What is spirillum?

A

Curved rod, spiral bacteria.

48
Q

Nostoc

A

Blue-green algae. Spherelike. Each sphere is an individual cell, they form colonies. Photosynthetic.

49
Q

Oscillatoria

A

Blue-green algae. Disclike. Each disc is an individual cell, they form colonies. Photosynthetic.

50
Q

Movement of Euglena

A

It moves toward the light (the flagellum can sense it). They are phototaxis positive. They are photosynthetic (make their own food).

51
Q

Diatoms

A

Unicellular, photosynthetic (make their own food), lives in fresh/sea water, cell walls silica. Estimated cell size is 0.16 mm.

52
Q

Trypanosoma

A

Unicellular. Parasite.

53
Q

Amoeba

A

When water enters the contractile vacuole pushes out excess water. They can change their shape using pseudopods. Unicellular, heterotrophic, parasite. Live in fresh water.

54
Q

What human organ do plasmodium parasites repeatedly reinfect?

A

The vagina during sex.

55
Q

Paramecium

A

Unicellular. They have cilia.

56
Q

Chlamydomonas

A

Unicellular. Photosynthetic. They have 1 chloroplast. The eyespot and the flagella are used together because the “eyespot” sense the light and the flagella moves toward it.

57
Q

Pandorina

A

Green algae. Multicellular. There are about 17 cells inside a colony.

58
Q

Volvox

A

Green and motile. It has daughter colonies.

59
Q

Red algae

A

Rhodophyta. Ocean/freshwater habitat. Multicellular.

60
Q

Green algae

A

Photosynthetic. Have chloroplasts.

61
Q

Brown Algae

A

Multicellular. Lives in the ocean/freshwater. Large algae are commonly known as kelp or seaweed.

62
Q

What is the function of rhizoids?

A

To anchor the plant.

63
Q

What is Alternation of Generation?

A

The life cycle of plants that includes two reproductive generations: sporophyte and gametophyte. The alternation of adult sporophyte plants with adult gametophyte plants.

64
Q

What occurs first sporophyte generation or gametophyte generation?

A

Gametophyte generation.

65
Q

What are gametes?

A

Sex cells

66
Q

What happens when two gametes unite?

A

It results in a zygote which then develops to a sporophyte.

67
Q

Why do vascular plants grow so tall?

A

Transportation of water and nutrients.

68
Q

How many petals do dicot plants have?

A

4 or 5 petals.

69
Q

How many petals do monocot plants have?

A

3 or 6 petals.

70
Q

Gametophyte or Sporophyte?
1. Carpel
2. Stamen
3. Petal
4. Pollen Grain
5. Egg
6. Pollen Tube Nucleus

A
  1. Sporophyte
  2. Sporophyte
  3. Sporophyte
  4. Gametophyte
  5. Gametophyte
  6. Gametophyte
71
Q

Dicot or Monocot?
1. Peas
2. Corn
3. Kidney Beans
4. Oats

A
  1. Dicot
  2. Monocot
  3. Dicot
  4. Dicot
  5. Dicot
72
Q

True or False: Tomatoes, pumpkins, olives, almonds, and limes are all examples of fruit.

A

True

73
Q

True or False: Monocot leaves often have a long/narrow blade and have veins that are parallel to each other.

A

True.

74
Q

What seeds often break in half easily?

A

Dicot seeds.

75
Q

What characteristics belong to monocots?

A

Leaves with parallel veins, scattered vascular bundles in stems, one cotyledon in the seed. They have flower parts in multiples of 3.

76
Q

What are grasses, palms, lillies, and joshua trees examples of?

A

Monocots.

77
Q

What characteristics belong to dicots?

A

Leaves with net venation, stems with vascular bundles in a ring, 2 cotyledons in the seed, and flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5.

78
Q

Daisies, beans, oaks, clovers, elms, and cottonwoods are examples of what?

A

Dicots.

79
Q

What characteristics belong to moss plants?

A

Live in moist areas, the gametophyte generation is dominant, don’t have “true” stems and leaves (they lack vascular tissue), sporophyte- capsule and seta, gametophyte- leaf, stem, rhizoids.

80
Q

What characteristics belong to vascular plants?

A

The sporophyte generation is dominant and vascular tissue is present in all organs for the transport of water and nutrients.

81
Q

What characteristics belong to ferns?

A

VT, adult sporophyte, plant is spread by the way of underground stems (rhizomes), they have leaves for photosynthesis, sori is on the underside of the leaf.

82
Q

What is xylem and phloem?

A

Conducting tissues which are found in all vascular plants.

83
Q

What characteristics belong to gymnosperms?

A

Include conifers (cone-bearing trees and shrubs), it has woody tissue, their leaves (such as needles) on a pine tree are for photosynthesis.

84
Q

What characteristics belong to flowering plants?

A

Dominant plants, they have “true” roots/stems/leaves, consists of flowers and fruits, produced by the sporophyte plant.

85
Q

What is yeast?

A

It’s a fungi, unicellular, heterotrophic, external digestion. It has a cell wall and nucleus.

86
Q

What are the characteristics of Rhizopus?

A

The color is brownish yellow, you can see the spores under the microscope, sporangium is the top and sporangiophore is the bottom.

87
Q

True or False: Pores in fungi are openings to tubes, the walls of the tubes are lined with basidia and their basidiaspores.

A

True.

88
Q

Sponges (Phylum Porifera).

A

Simple, has pores, body wall is supported by spicules, asymmetrical, adults are non motile, many are colonial.

89
Q

Cnidarians.

A

Radial symmetry, adults can be motile, can be unicellular or colonial, tissue level of body organization, incomplete digestive system, they have muscle and nerves.Examples: jellyfish (medusa), anemone (polyp), hydra (has tentacles that sting prey and push down to castro vascular cavity).

90
Q

What characteristics belong to parasitic flatworms?

A

Tapeworms and Flukes, when humans eat raw food they develop, no body cavity, bilateral symmetry, posses mesoderm, gastrovascular cavity, acoelem, incomplete digestive tract.

91
Q

What characteristics belong to roundworms?

A

Most are free-living in soil, bilateral symmetry, described as pseudocoelomate, complete digestive tract, some are parasites, posses mesoderm, pseudocoelem.

92
Q

What characteristics belong to segmented worms?

A

Annelid, complete digestive tract, coelem (lined body cavity), circulatory system, ventral nerve cord, bilateral symmetry, possess mesoderm. Examples: leeches and earthworms.

93
Q

List in order the components of the earthworm digestive system.

A

Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Crop
Gizzard
Intestine
Anus

94
Q

What are clams, octopi, snails, and squid and example of?

A

Mollusks.

95
Q

True or False: Arachnids don’t have antennae.

A

True.

96
Q

What is the difference between centipedes and millipedes?

A

Centipedes have one pair of legs per segment while millipedes have two pairs of legs per segment.

97
Q

What are the body regions of an insect in order?

A

Head, thorax, abdomen.

98
Q

What portion of the shrimp is used as human food?

A

Abdominal muscle.

99
Q

What are the body regions of an arachnid in order?

A

Cephalothorax and abdomen.

Biology Lab (1 decks)

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