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BIO 422 > EXAM 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

An era when the first shark-like fishes and ancestors of modern day species first appeared was __, which spanned from 450-245 million years ago

A

Paleozoic era

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2
Q

Most recent era when most modern day species of sharks and their relatives appeared was the __, which began about 65 million years ago

A

Cenozoic era

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3
Q

Symmoiiformes, Cladoselachiformes, and Eugeneodontiformes are examples of sharks that were common in the __ era

A

Paleozoic

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4
Q

Superorders of sharks

A

Squalomorphii and Galeomorphii

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5
Q

What is Taxonomy?

A

the science of classifying organisms

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6
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

classification system that takes into consideration the evolutionary history of species

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7
Q

Heliocoprion

A

this shark is known for its spiral tooth whorl

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8
Q

What are fossil records of elasmobranchs based almost entirely on?

A

teeth

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9
Q

The characteristics that are useful in shark classification as they vary among orders, families and sometimes species of sharks:

A

structure & number of vertebrae, design of eyelids, chondrocranium morphology

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10
Q

A source of information used in phylogenetics - used to group sharks and their relatives into orders, families and genera is:
a. morphological features
b. physioloy
c. dna
d. all of the above

A

ALL OF THE ABOVE

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11
Q

What structure found in sharks and their relatives are dervied from placoid scales?

A

teeth, fin spines, stinging spines, clasper spurs

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12
Q

Ways in which sharks and their relatives are distinct physiologically from most bony fishes?

A

Reproductive structures, giving live birth, lacking swim bladder, gill slits, cartilaginous skeleton

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13
Q

How do sharks reproduce?

A

Internal fertilization

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14
Q

What is spawning

A

male and female gametes released near each other in the water

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15
Q

Cladistics

A

a phylogenetic classification system that uses shared dervied characters and ancestry as the sole criterion for grouping taxa

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16
Q

Cladogram

A

Diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms

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17
Q

What sources can potentially be used as a basis for determining phylogenetic relationships?

A

morphology, gene sequencing, specialized structures

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18
Q

What are the mechanisms for evolution other than natural selection?

A

mutations, gene flow, genetic drift

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19
Q

Give an example of an isolating mechanism that might result in speciation among Bonnethead sharks

A

sea level changing which created a geographical isolation between the sharks

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20
Q

How many orders of modern day sharks are there?

A

nine

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21
Q

What are the nine orders of modern day sharks?

A

Squatiniformes, Pristiophoriformes, Squaliformes, Hexanchiformes, Lamniformes, Orectolobiformes, Heterodontiformes, Carcharhiniformes, Echniorhinoformes

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22
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

occurs when similar structures from different species appear as adaptations to the same environment

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23
Q

Example of convergent evolution in sharks

A

streamlined body style

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24
Q

What two dominant groups of modern day fishes arrived on earth a little more than 400 million years ago?

A

Osteichthyes, Chondrichthyes

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25
Q

What is the difference between Osteichthyes and Chondrichthyes

A

Osteichthyes are fish with skeletons of bone and, while chondrichthyes have a cartilaginous skeleton and include sharks and rays

26
Q

What class are sharks in

A

Chondrichthyes

27
Q

What subclass are sharks in

A

Elasmobranchii

28
Q

How is the evolutionary history of elasmobranchs related to mass extinctions?

A

Mass extinctions in the past two eras have led to the rise of present day elasmobranchs due to lack of competition in other niches

29
Q

What are the three eras in history of the Earth

A

Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic

30
Q

Because of inverse relationship between force produced and rate of shortening, muscles of large animals shorten ___ and generate ___ force per contraction

A

SLOWLY, MORE

31
Q

An example of a tissue found in animals that is MORE dense than sea water

A

Skin

32
Q

What is the advantage in using neutral buoyancy?

A

Energy saving

33
Q

Which is NOT a species of shark included in the order Heterodontiformes?

Horn shark
Port Jackson shark
Japanese bullhead shark
Zebra shark

A

ZEBRA SHARK

34
Q

Body shape that has lowest drag coefficient is:

A

Streamlined, teardrop shape

35
Q

For most species of deep-sea sharks, their livers represent around __% of their body weight.

A

20%

36
Q

Sharks in the order Heterodontiformes are commonly known as:

A

Bullhead sharks

37
Q

The major buoyancy mechanism for deep-sea sharks is:

A

their liver

38
Q

A low density (0.86) hydrocarbon found in large quantities in the liver oil of many deep-sea sharks is:

A

Squalene

39
Q

The pectoral fins of sharks function to provide hydrodynamic lift in a similar manner as airplane wings provide aerodynamic lift. Both lifting surfaces generate lift due to ________ differences between the upper and lower fin/wing.

A

Pressure

40
Q

How many species of elasmobranchs are there?

A

~1100

41
Q

What is the common name of Heterodontid sharks

A

Bullhead shark

42
Q

Characteristics of Heterodontid sharks?

A

Big prominent brow ridge, spines on dorsal fin, pig-like snout

43
Q

How is the ability to move advantageous for animals such as elasmobranchs

A

Finding food, avoiding predators, finding a mate and producing young, remaining in a physiologically optimal environment.

44
Q

Describe the relationship between force produced and rate of shortening of muscles.

A

The faster that muscles are shortened, the lower the overall force produced;

A slower rate of muscle contraction (shortening) yields greater overall force

45
Q

Explain why large animals such as many species of elasmobranchs expend relatively less energy to move a certain mass a certain distance.

A

Energy consumption per unit mass per unit distance for large animals is much lower than for small animals

46
Q

What factors influence the amount of drag experienced by an animal moving through water

A

Viscosity, body shape, surface area of body, speed of movement through water

47
Q

Explain how dermal denticles of elasmobranchs reduce drag.

A

Water flows across the dermal denticles to reduce turbulence and drag, turbulence resists movement and drag limits the speed of movement

48
Q

What structures on and around the tails of fast-moving fish reduce drag?

A

Finlets, scutes, keels and tubercles

49
Q

What lifting surfaces are found in sharks, how does their shape create lift

A

Head and body, Pectoral fins, Tail

50
Q

What is sustained swimming?

A

routine activity over long periods of time without muscular fatigue

51
Q

What is prolonged swimming?

A

Over shorter periods of time, muscle fatigue, these swimmers do NOT rest

52
Q

What is burst swimming?

A

VERY short periods of time, high velocity movement, usually used for prey capture or to escape from predators

53
Q

How do skates and rays generate forward propulsion?

A

Using pectoral fins, will undulate [little waves] or oscillate [flap like wings]

54
Q

What is anguilliform movement?

A

more head movement to propel forward, movement “like an eel”

55
Q

What is caraganiform movement?

A

majority of movement is concentrated in rear of body and the tail

56
Q

What is thunniform movement?

A

Head has the least rotation of all swimming forms, most movement coming from tail movement, very little overall body movement

57
Q

How do shallow water sharks maintain their position in the water column

A

Generate hyrodynamic lift with fins and head, constantly moving

58
Q

What major buoyancy mechanisms are common in deep water sharks?

A

Liver size, liver oil/lipids, muscle water

59
Q

What low density lipids are common in liver oil of deep-sea sharks?

A

Squalene and DAGE

60
Q

How does the density of Squalene and DAGE compare to that of triglycerides

A

Squalene and DAGE are significantly less dense than TG, especially squalene.

61
Q

How large are the livers of deep water sharks?

A

20-30% of their bodyweight

62
Q

What tissues and materials found in the bodies of elasmobranchs are more dense than surrounding seawater? less dense?

A

body tissues such as the skeleton, muscles, skin, and organs, are all more dense than seawater

Lipids are less dense than seawater, and make up a significant portion of the liver

BIO 422 (1 decks)

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