Exam 1 Flashcards
National constituency
the whole nations opinion matters
ex. presidential election
Bipolar
two major powers in a system
ex. US and soviet union during cold war
Bolstering
Once a decision is made, policy makers often use the decision to _____their claims regarding the problem at hand
Drumming up support
Using issue to give more support
Bully Pulpit
A prominent public position that allows one to share their views easier and be heard
Ex. Presidency. Everyone listens to what the president is saying
Term coined by teddy roosevelt
Bush Doctrine
Enemies of the US use terrorism as a war of ideology against the nation
Celebrity diplomacy
When celebrities voice their opinion or get involved with other countries
Can create pathways of diplomacy
Can call attention to an issue that many people may not know about
Church committee
led to the first public knowledge of the scale of covert operations conducted by the CIA
The Senate body that investigated the CIA and intelligence complex became known as this. It found many CIA operations to be abuses of presidential power
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency)
In charge of intelligence collection
During the cold war overthrew many governments and got involved in many places it shouldn’t have
Coercive interrogation
Nice way of saying torture
Used by the CIA on suspected terrorists after 9/11
Cognitive closure
The human desire toe eliminate ambiguity and arrive at definite conclusions even if its irrational
Constructivism
Came around after the cold war ended
Tenets:
- The identities and interests of political actors emerge largely as a result of interactions
-International political actors are therefore not necessarily or exclusively individualistic and self-interested
-The distribution of ideas, norms, and values within the global state is as important as the distribution of capabilities
Containment
Attempts by the US to contain communism during the cold war. Caused various proxy wars throughout the world
Contra
Various US backed right wing rebel groups that were active during the Nicaraguan revolution. Example of containment strategy
Cuban Missile Crisis
US discovered that there were soviet missiles in cuba
Closest the US and USSR came to all out nuclear war during the cold war
Detente policy
the relaxation of strained relations through verbal communication
Executive agreements
Executive makes a deal with a foreign country for whatever reason
The issue is that when the executive leaves office, so does the deal
Not a deal between nations, a deal between people
Extraordinary Rendition
a practice in which suspected terrorists were transported to foreign countries whose interrogation practices did not have to comply with U.S. laws
Glastnost
Soviet policy of maximum openness and transparency in the activities of state institutions
Globalization
The process of the spreading of knowledge, culture, trade, and ideas throughout the world
Goldwater Nichols act
Reorganized the DOD
Made the biggest changes to the set up of the DOD since its creation
Groupthink
Going along with whatever the group says in order to not rock the boat
Gulf of tonkin resolution
Fully launched the US involvement in vietnam
Authorized lyndon b johnson to take any measures he believed to be necessary to retaliate and promote international peace and security in asia
Gunboat diplomacy
Essentially forcing a country to comply with the US wishes by threatening military action
Use of deployed military forces to achieve a foreign policy goal
Hard power
coercive approach to foreign policy that often uses military force
Intelligence cycle
Planning and direction, collection, processing, analysis, dissemination
Intelligence types
HUMINT, SIGINT, and IMINT
IMF (international monetary fund)
Monitoring the fiscal and monetary policies of member states
Created as part of the Bretton woods system
Provides loans to help ensure financial stability, cooperation, facilitate trade, foster low unemployment, etc
Iran contra affair
US senior administration officials facilitated the sale of arms to iran was under an arms embargo. The administration planned to use the money made from this sale to fund the Contras in Nicaragua
Iran hostage crisis
Iran had a coup and students in iran took control of the US embassy and held everyone in it hostage for over a year
Iran nuclear deal
Placed significant restrictions on Irans nuclear weapon capabilities in return for the relaxation of sanctions against the country
Iron triangle
Links influential interest groups, congressional committees, and the corresponding department of the executive branch
All work together to conserve their own power and expand political influence
Issue network
brings together interested governmental and private actors with shared expertise in a given area of public policy
League of nations
The first iteration of the UN
US congress did not ratify, which lead to its failure
Liberalism
Domestic politics and political structures are important
Economic goals are important
International law and international organizations are relatively important
Values, especially democratic values are important
Long cycle theory
Describes the connection between war cycles, economic supremacy, and the political aspects of world leadership
Louisiana purchase
US bought large chunk of land in the west of the continent from Napoleon (France)
Marshal Plan
Paved the way for europes economic recovery after both world wars
Gave US allies in europe economic aid
Manifest destiny
A belief popular in the early history of the United States that the nation had God’s blessing to expand and assume political control of a wider population
Management styles
how the president does his thing
Formalistic, Competitive, and collegial
McCarthyism
1950s red scare
People suspected of being communists or soviet spies were interrogated
Military-industrial complex
the relationship between a country’s military and the defense industry that supplies it, seen together as a vested interest which influences public policy
Relationship between the government, the military, and the businesses that build things for the military
Monroe Doctrine
Said that europe should stay out of things in the western hemisphere
Multilateral
the coordination of three or more actors on a topic
Multipolar
Multiple strong world powers all existing at once
Ex. Europe pre WWI
National Security council
Three primary functions: Agency of policy coordination, Source of neutral policy guidance, Forum for crisis management
Nelson-Bingham Amendment
Authorized congress to review and reject foreign arms sales of more than $25 mil through a concurrent resolution of both chambers
Open door policy
Called for a system of equal trade and investment to guarantee the territorial integrity of Qing China
Oversight
the review, monitoring, and supervision of federal agencies, programs, and policy implementation
Case zablocki act
Requires the president to notify the legislative branch about international agreements within 60 days of their entering into force
War powers resolution
Required presidents to inform congress when the US deployed troops and gave congress the ability to pull the troops back out after 60 days if the majority did not approve of it
jackson Vanik amendment
Amendment to a trade act which prevented the US from granting the most favored nation status if that country restricted its citizens form moving abroad
Intelligence oversight act
Empowered the house and senate committees to oversee covert operations and intelligence activities and required the executive to inform congress about them
Passing the buck
Ability of congress to push the blame for foreign policy decisions onto the president because of the perceptions of the american public
Perestroika
Soviet economic reformation within the communist party
Power of the purse
Congress has this. Ability to delegate funds wherever they need to or want to go. Article 1 Section 8
Rational political ambition theory
Can be traced back to Machiavelli.
Key assumption: Political survival, political leaders need to do whatever possible to stay in power
Realism
States are the most important actors and can be treated as unitary, rational actors
predominant theory and most widely adopted approach
saber rattling
Having to constantly manage tensions with foreign adversaries
Soft power
Shaping the preferences of others through appeal and attraction
Example: business and trade, diplomacy
The 22nd amendment
Established presidential term limits (2 4 year terms or 2+ years during someone elses term +1 more term)
The bretton woods accords
Founding agreements for the WTO and IMF
Set the dollar gold standard
Department of agriculture
Founded in 1862 by lincoln
Department of defense
Originally the National military establishment
Founded 1947 by the national security act
Maintains military installations and alliances
Department of homeland security
Established after 9/11
New institution intended to guard against future catastrophic events
Department of state
State department serves 6 functions. Advising. gathering and sharing info, negotiating, providing representation and services, regulating travel, Investigating solutions
The intelligence oversight act of 1980
Empowered house and senate committees to oevrsee US intelligence activities and required presidents to notify congress about secret operations in foreign countries
Lend-lease program
US did not want to join WWII early on but provided military support in britain in exchange for being able to use british naval bases in the caribbean
The roosevelt corollary
US had authority to act as international police power outside of its borders to maintain stability in the western hemisphere
truman doctrine
US provided military aid to many states and pledged support for free peoples against subjugation
Two level game
Level one: interact with other states
Level two: interact with domestic supporters and competitors
Unipolar
Only one major player in the system
Global hegemon
