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BIO102 - Cell and Molecular Biology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Polar molecules are…

A

hydrophilic

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2
Q

The four weak bonds are:

A

Ionic, Hydrogen, Hydrophobic, Van der Waals

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3
Q

What is PAGE-SDS?

A

Electrophoresis: Used to isolate fragments that contain a gene of interest

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4
Q

What is electronegativity?

A

The attraction of electrons to a certain molecule

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5
Q

What is a peptide bond?

A

A covalent bond between an amino group (N terminus) of one AA and a carboxyl group (C terminus) of another AA

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6
Q

How do peptide bonds occur?

A

Dehydration synthesis (removal of water)

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7
Q

What is the primary structure?

A

Sequence of amino acids to form polypeptide chain

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8
Q

What is the secondary structure?

A

An alpha helix OR beta sheet (ONLY BACKBONE (NO R GROUP))

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9
Q

What is the tertiary structure?

A

More compact, R groups interacting, all weak bonds AND disulfide bonds. Folding of domains based on hydrophilic/phobic interactions.

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10
Q

What is the quaternary structure?

A

Polypeptides all bonded, in one group

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11
Q

What is a domain?

A

any segment of a polypeptide chain that can fold into a compact, stable structure

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12
Q

What purposes do proteins serve?

A

Enzymes, structural, transport, storage etc…

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13
Q

What is the effect of temperature on proteins?

A

More heat -> increased kinetic energy (proteins move around more), too much = protein denatures

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14
Q

What is the effect of pH on proteins?

A

Change of concentration, changes how the amino acids bind to one another, changes charge of protein/function

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15
Q

What is ligand binding?

A

Binds two receptor proteins and can change the shape/conformation of the protein.

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16
Q

What is the difference of anabolism vs catabolism?

A

Catabolism breaks down large molecules and RELEASES energy, while anabolism builds large molecules and REQUIRES energy

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17
Q

What is metabolism?

A

All chemical reactions that occur in a cell to transform matter and energy

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18
Q

What is the formula for change in G?

A

ΔG = ΔH - TΔS

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19
Q

What is Gibbs Free Energy?

A

The energy available to produce useful work

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20
Q

What is ΔH?

A

It is enthalpy, or the energy contained in chemical bonds

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21
Q

What is ΔS

A

It is enthropy, or the amount of disorder (heat released)

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22
Q

If ΔG is less than 0…

A

The reaction will occur spontaneously (energetically favorable)

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23
Q

If ΔG is more than 0…

A

The reaction will not occur spontaneously (not energetically favorable)

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24
Q

How do enzymes work?

A

Enzymes attract substrates to the active site, then catalyzes the chemical reaction, and breaks down the substrate so it can form new bonds!!!

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25
Q

What is an induced fit model?

A

Also known as the “Enzyme Substrate Complex”, a combined structure of the enzyme and its substrate bound to the active site

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26
Q

What are cofactors?

A

Small and inorganic molecules which help enzyme function

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27
Q

What are coenzymes?

A

Organic molecules that bind to the active site to help finalize the shape of the site

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28
Q

What are inhibitors?

A

Molecules that reduce the activity of an enzyme (they INHIBIT the enzyme)

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29
Q

What are the two types of inhibitors?

A

Competitive inhibitor (interferes directly with the active site)
Allosteric inhibitor (interferes indirectly to active site, changes shape of enzyme at allosteric site (other part))

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30
Q

What are coupled reactions?

A

Energy transferred from one reaction to another (EXAMPLE ATP COUPLING)

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31
Q

What are sugars?

A

They are a quick energy source

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32
Q

Name some important disaccharides.

A

Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose

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33
Q

Name some important polysaccharides.

A

Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin, Peptidoglycen

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34
Q

What are the roles of lipids?

A

Long term energy storage (triglycerols), structural (phospholipids), hormones (steroids)

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35
Q

What are the four family groups of lipids?

A

Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes

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36
Q

What is a triglyceride?

A

Formed from one glycerol molecule, bond to 3 fatty acid molecules (lots of bonds, better for energy storage)

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37
Q

What are fatty acids?

A

A hydrocarbon chain ending in a carboxyl group (can be saturated or unsaturated)

38
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

A component of the cell membrane that contains hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends

39
Q

The head is hydro____ and the tail is hydro_____

A

philic, phobic

40
Q

What are steroids?

A

Composed of carbon-based rings, includes cholesterol and sex hormones

41
Q

What are the roles of the cell membrane?

A

Manage what enters and exits the cell through the membrane.

42
Q

What are the factors of fluidity in the cell membrane?

A

Temperature: Higher temp = more fluidity
Phospholipid composition
Nature of hydrocarbon tails
Amount of cholestrol

43
Q

The more unsaturated, the more…

A

viscous/liquid

44
Q

What is a liposome?

A

The double layer that is formed by the phospholipids

45
Q

What is a micelle?

A

The single layer that is formed by phospholipids and counterions

46
Q

The polar heads face the ______ and the non polar tails face _____.

A

Aqueous environment, inside

47
Q

What is fast lateral movement?

A

The membrane acts as a fluid, with two layers sliding across each other

48
Q

Difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

A

Saturated fatty acids: No double bond on the tail, more rigid
Unsaturated fatty acids: Double bond on the tail, forms kinks, more fluid

49
Q

What are the types of proteins on the membrane?

A

Transporters, anchors, receptors, enzymes

50
Q

What can pass through the bi-layer quickly?

A

Small, hydrophobic molecules like oxygen and carbon dioxide

51
Q

What are integral membrane proteins and how do you remove them?

A

Transmembrane, membrane-associated, and lipid linked proteins that are attached to the lipid bi-layer (removed with detergent)

52
Q

What are glycoproteins?

A

Phospholipids with a sugar on the surface

53
Q

What do phospholipids do?

A

Helps with cell membrane structure and acts as a receptor

54
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Molecules moving from high to low concentration (does not require energy)

55
Q

What are the active and passive transport methods through the membrane?

A

Passive transport requires no energy, active transport requires ATP or potential energy

56
Q

What is the difference between a symporter and an antiporter?

A

Symporter: ion helps molecule over using its energy in the same direction
Antiporter: ion helps molecule over in opposite direction

57
Q

How do cotransporters work?

A

The carrying of two or more molecules, with one ion providing energy down its concentration gradient while the other molecule is carried against its gradient

58
Q

What do genes need to be able to do?

A

Encode information about traits
Replicate accurately to be passed to the next generation
Change (mutate): variability to fuel evolution

59
Q

What did Griffith do?

A

He experimented on neumococcus (Streptococcus pneumoniae)

60
Q

What did Avery, McLeod, and McCarty do?

A

They developed
transformation of
pneumococcus type
R using crude
extracts of type S
in vitro

61
Q

What did Hershey and Chase do?

A

They discovered the independent functions of viral protein and nucleic acid in growth of bacteriophage

61
Q

What did Hershey and Chase do?

A

They discovered the independent functions of viral protein and nucleic acid in growth of bacteriophage

62
Q

What are the building blocks of DNA?

A

Nucleic acids

63
Q

What are the three parts of a nucleic acid?

A

The base, phosphate, and sugar

64
Q

What are the 5 different bases?

A

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine (Uracil for RNA)

65
Q

What are the 3 different phosphates?

A

NMP, NDP, NTP

66
Q

What are the 2 types of sugars for nucleic acids?

A

ribose (RNA) and deoxyribose (DNA)

67
Q

What are phosphodiester bonds?

A

They form through a condensation reaction (dehydration synthesis), they link the sugars of a nucleotide

68
Q

How do you identify the 5’ and 3’ end?

A

The 5’ end is the phosphate (LOOK FOR P)
The 3’ end is the sugar (NOT BASE ACGT)

69
Q

What is the model of a DNA double helix?

A

The two strands are antiparallel, with a 5’ prime end of one strand crossing a 3’ end of another strand

70
Q

How is the sequence of DNA written?

A

Always from 5’ to 3’

71
Q

What is the difference between chromosomes and chromatin?

A

Chromatins are a complex of DNA that is formed by histone proteins, while chromosomes are just genetic material

72
Q

What are nucleosomes?

A

Basic structural packaging of DNA in chromatin and a section of protein wrapped around DNA

73
Q

What is the change in electronegativity for ionic, non polar and polar covalent bonds?

A

Δx < .5, non polar covalent, .5 < Δx < 2 polar covalent, 2 < Δx, ionic

74
Q

What are hydrogen bonds?

A

Between molecules, when the hydrogen of one molecule is attracted to a very electronegative atom of another molecule (O or N)

75
Q

What are hydrophobic/philic bonds?

A

does not dissolve in water vs hydrophilic (does)

76
Q

What are ionic bonds?

A

Between metal and non-metal, electrons are GIVEN rather than shared (creates ion because mixed electrons)

77
Q

What are van der Waals interactions?

A

Slight positive and negative attraction between unevenly distributed electrons in molecules

78
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

Breaking of bonds with water

79
Q

What is condensation?

A

The removal of water

80
Q

Why do all cells have similar compositions?

A

Cells have similar comp/mechs because they need similar things to survive (energy, water, etc)

81
Q

Differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

A
82
Q

Similarities between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

A
83
Q

Differences between plant and animal cells?

A
84
Q

Similarities between plant and animal cells?

A
85
Q

What makes a protein polar?

A

Has hydroxide(s) (OH), does not have singular H, has N (EXCEPT TRYTOPHAN)

86
Q

Which nucleic acid bases are purines vs pyrimidines?

A

The purines are Adenine and Guanine, and the pyrimidines are Cytosine and Thymine, in RNA its Cytosine and Uracil

87
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water into the plasma membrane

88
Q

With an enthalpy graph, when an enzyme is added, what happens to the curve?

A

The curve flattens due to less activation energy required

89
Q

What is endothermic vs exothermic?

A

Exothermic releases energy while endothermic keeps energy or obtains

BIO102 - Cell and Molecular Biology (2 decks)

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