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Forensic Psychology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Forensic Psychology?

A

The study of psychology applied specifically to the legal system.

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2
Q

What is the “misfit” between psychology and the legal system?

A

Laws are a human creation, psychology is a field with an abundance of research

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3
Q

What jobs fall under the forensic psychologist category?

A

Forensic Evaluators
Correctional Psychologists
Law Enforcement Psychologists
Trial Consultants
Academic Psychologists

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4
Q

What is an adversarial system?

A

The type of legal system in which a dispute between opposing parties is heard before a judge or jury.`

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5
Q

What is an inquisitorial system?

A

The court is actively involved in proof of facts by taking investigating of the case.

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6
Q

Applied Science

A

Applies existing scientific knowledge to develop more practical applications.

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7
Q

Basic Science

A

Concerned with knowledge of fundamental phenomena and the laws that govern them.

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8
Q

Crime Control Model

A

Processing of defendants through the court system and the uniform punishment of offenders according to the severity of their crime.

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9
Q

Discretion

A

Involves considering the circumstances of certain offenders and offenses to determine the appropriate consequences for wrongdoing

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10
Q

Dual-Process Model

A

Provides an account of how thought can arise in two different ways. (Conscious and unconscious)

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11
Q

equality

A

all people who commit the same crime should receive the same consequences

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12
Q

Expert Witness

A

A person permitted to testify at trial due to special knowledge of a particular field relevant to the case

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13
Q

Forensic Evaluator

A

Assessing if an individual is competed to stand trial

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14
Q

Forensic mental health assessment

A

An evaluation to provide relevant information to legal decision makers

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15
Q

Precedents

A

a decided case that furnishes a basis for determining later cases involving similar facts or issues

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16
Q

Procedural justice

A

The idea of fairness in the processes that resolve disputes and allocate resources

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17
Q

Stare decisis

A

“Let the decision stand” A legal decision that reflects earlier decisions from similar cases.

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18
Q

Trial Consulting

A

The use of trained professionals in the social sciences to assist attorney’s in preparing and presenting evidence in a trail.

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19
Q

Estimator variables

A

Cannot be controlled by the criminal justice system.

-Lighting
-Distance

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20
Q

System Variables

A

controlled by the criminal justice system.

-retrieval of evidence
-identification procedures

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21
Q

Sequential Lineups

A

Witness views each lineup member one at a time and decides guilt or innocence before seeing next person

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22
Q

Simultaneous Lineups

A

Witness is presented with everyone in the lineup at one time

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23
Q

Showup Lineups

A

Witness is confronted with only one person rather than a group of people

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24
Q

Cognitive Interview

A

individuals verbalize thoughts and feelings as they examine information

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25
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

the tendency to interpret new evidence as confirmation of ones own existing beliefs or theories

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26
Q

Double-Blind Testing Procedure

A

A line-up procedure in which the police officers administrating the line-up and the eyewitness making the identification are both unaware of the potential suspect

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27
Q

Encoding

A

the initial experience of perceiving and learning information

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28
Q

Experimental Methodology

A

Manipulating one variable to determine if this causes changes in another variable

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29
Q

Experimenter Bias

A

experimenters allow their expectations to affect their interpretation of observations

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30
Q

Field Studies

A

conducted in “real-world” settings outside a lab

31
Q

Ground Truth

A

The truth regarding whether or not a person actually committed the act they are accused of

32
Q

Open-Ended Questions

A

cannot simply be answered by yes or no and instead must be elaborated on

33
Q

Other-Race Effect (Cross-Race Effect)

A

the tendency to recognize and remember faces of one’s own race more readily than those of other races

34
Q

Photographic Lineup

A

a witness is shown a series of photographs that may or may not include the suspect

35
Q

Relative Judgement

A

the fact that the witness seems to be choosing the lineup member who most resembles the witnesses memory

36
Q

Retention Interval

A

The period between a exposure and being tested

37
Q

Retrieval

A

the process of recovering information stored in memory

38
Q

Selective Attention

A

The capacity for reacting towards certain stimuli when several occur at once

39
Q

Source Confusion

A

occurs when someone does not remember where certain memories come from

40
Q

Storage

A

the ability to retain information in the brain

41
Q

Suggestive questions

A

implies that a certain answer should be given

42
Q

Unconscious Transference

A

an eyewitness to a crime misidentifies a familiar but innocent person

43
Q

Weapon Focus Effect

A

weapon distracts eyewitnesses’

44
Q

Cues of deception police often rely on

A

Avoidance
Fidgeting
leg movements
gaze
posture

45
Q

Accuracy Level of detecting deception

A

54%

46
Q

Dangers of being innocent

A

Revoking Miranda Rights

47
Q

Reids 9 Step interrogation function

A
  1. Custody and Isolation
  2. Positive Confirmation
  3. Minimization Themes
48
Q

Dispositional Risk Factors

A

Things individuals don’t have much control over
personality traits
genetics

49
Q

Situational Risk Factors

A

Risk inherent to the situation
Struck by object

50
Q

Voluntary False Confession

A

a self-incriminating statement that is offered without external pressure from police.

51
Q

Compliant False Confession

A

given in response to police coercion, stress, or pressure

52
Q

Internalized False Confession

A

believes they actually committed the crime

53
Q

What helps distinguish between true and false confessions?

A

Does statement match evidence

54
Q

False Evidence Ploys

A

false claims to have evidence that implicates the suspect in the crime

55
Q

Bluffing About Evidence

A

Pretending to have evidence tested

56
Q

False Confession

A

a statement given by an individual that incriminates them in a crime they did not commit

57
Q

False Denial

A

A statement by a defendant that an allegation is false

58
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

the tendency to attribute another’s actions to their character and behavior to situational factors

59
Q

Truth Bias

A

people believes others are telling the truth more often than they actually are

60
Q

Belief Perseverance

A

Clinging to ones initial belief even after receiving new information that contradicts or disconfirms

61
Q

Miranda Rights

A

You have the right to remain silent. anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law. You have the right to have an attorney. If you cannot afford one, one will be appointed to you by the court.

62
Q

Flaws of forensic science (identified in NAS report)

A

Lack of uniformity
no accrediation
not reliability
no scientific evidence

63
Q

Forensic Confirmation Bias

A

an individuals preexisting beliefs, expectations, motives, and situational context influence the collection, perception, and interpretation of evidence during the course of a criminal case

64
Q

How does psychology explain forensic Science errors?

A

this field has the potential to be compromised by human errors, bias, etc

65
Q

How does scientific evidence impact other evidence in a case?

A

It is more likely to be trusted by jurors

66
Q

How does other evidence in a case impact the interpretation of forensic science evidence

A

If it aligns individuals are more likely to be trusting of it

67
Q

Frye & Daubert Difference

A

Daubert used by a judge to determine if the expert’s methodology was scientifically valid.

Frye standards conclude where the method used to determine opinion is generally accepted by experts in the field

68
Q

How do experts get admitted into court?

A

Judge

69
Q

The knowledge of skills of developmental psychologists might be most relevant for the legal system in….

A

Evaluating which custody arrangement will most benefit the child

70
Q

The knowledge and skills of social psychologists might be most relevant?

A

When studying the dynamics of jury deliberation

71
Q

Differences in goals, methods, and styles of inquiry make the relationship between psychology and law

A

Difficult but important

72
Q

Police officers trained in crisis intervention

A

Report feeling better prepared for their encounters with individuals with mental illnesses

73
Q

True or False: The Presence of mental illness has been found to decrease the probability of arrest.

A

False

Forensic Psychology (1 decks)

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