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Sensation And Perception > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the perceptual process?

A

the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting information

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2
Q

What are the first two steps of the perceptual process?

A

Distal and Proximal Stimuli

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3
Q

If someone is just observing a tree, his perception of the tree is based on what stimulus?

A

Distal stimulus

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4
Q

If someone is hearing the rustling of the leaves, what stimuli is being used?

A

Proximal stimulus, its in the “proximity” to the receptors.

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5
Q

The light and pressure waves that stimulate the receptors introduce one of the central principles of perception called….

A

Principle of transformation

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6
Q

Perception occurs in what senses?

A

Sight, taste, hearing, smell, and touch

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7
Q

We must first sense _____ before we perceive.

A

Stimuli

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8
Q

What happens during the perceptual process when sound hits the ear?

A

Stimulus hits receptors alerting the brain.

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9
Q

The minimum stimulation needed to register a particular stimulus 50% of the time is called

A

Our absolute threshold of sensation.

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10
Q

In the cerebral cortex, what are the 4 primary receiving areas?

A

Occipital Lobe, Temporal Lobe, Parietal Lobe, Frontal Lobe

OTPF

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11
Q

The transformation of environmental energy such as light sound or thermal energy to electrical energy is called

A

Transduction

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12
Q

What is step 4 in the perceptual process?

A

Neural Processing

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13
Q

The changes in signals that occur as they are transmitted through this maze of neurons is called…

A

Neural processing

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14
Q

What lobe controls skin senses

A

Parietal Lobe

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15
Q

What lobe receives signals from all of the senses and plays an important role in perceptions that involve the coordination or information received through two or more senses?

A

Frontal Lobe

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16
Q

What is the primary receiving area for vision ?

A

Occipital Lobe

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17
Q

The area of hearing is located in part of the….

A

Temporal lobe

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18
Q

These receptors detect changes in the internal as well as external environment.

A

Sensory Receptors

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19
Q

Step 5-7 in the perceptual process is

A

Behavioral Responses

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20
Q

Electrical signals have been transformed into the conscious experience of 

A

Perception

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21
Q

What comes after the conscious experience in perception an places objects into categories?

A

Recognition

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22
Q

What is it called when you have problems recognizing objects caused by a brain tumor?

A

Visual form agnosia

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23
Q

Any information that the perceiver brings to a situation such as prior experience or expectations is called

A

Knowledge

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24
Q

The rat man demonstration shows what

A

How recently acquired knowledge can influence perception

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25
Q

An example of how knowledge is acquired years ago can influence the perceptual process is your ability to

A

Categorize

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26
Q

Processing that is based on the stimuli reaching the receptors

A

Bottom-up processing (data-based)

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27
Q

The woman sees a moth on the tree because of processes triggered by the moths image on her

A

visual receptors

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28
Q

An image is “incoming data” which is the basis of

A

Bottom-up processing

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29
Q

What is processing that is based on knowledge? 

A

Top-down processing (knowledge-based)

30
Q

When the woman labels that she is seeing a moth or perhaps a particular kind of moth, she is accessing what she has learned about moths from prior experience, this is an example of what processing

A

top-down processing (knowledge based)

31
Q

What are the two stimulus relationships

A

Stimulus perception relationship and stimulus physiology relationship

32
Q

 this relationship relates stimuli to behavior responses such as perception cognition and action

A

Stimulus-behavior relationship

33
Q

The relationship between stimuli and physiological responses like neurons firing 

A

Stimulus-physiological relationship

34
Q

Horizontal and vertical orientations result in better_____ and more brain ______ than oblique orientations 

A

Acuity (behavioral response) and activation (physiological response)

35
Q

What is measured in an experiment looking at the relationship between stimuli and behavior? 

A

Absolute threshold

36
Q

The smallest stimulus level that can just be detected

A

 absolute threshold

37
Q

Three methods for measuring the threshold the method of limits, the method of constant stimuli, and the method of adjustment. What are these methods called

A

Classical psychophysical methods

38
Q

Milk and the color white are examples of

A

Chunking, identical knowledge

39
Q

Sound, touch, hearing, and taste are examples of

A

Method of limits

40
Q

What was a method of two point threshold in class ?

A

The two point demo, this occurs in the homunculus

41
Q

If you added small amounts of weight p, what threshold is involved

A

Relative threshold

42
Q

Branches out from the cell body to receive electrical signals from other neurons

A

 dendrites

43
Q

Filled with fluid that conducts electrical signals

A

Axon or nerve fiber 

44
Q

Neuron specialized respond to environmental stimuli

A

Sensory receptors

45
Q

Electrical signals are recorded from ____ ____ of neurons using small electrodes to pick up the signals

A

The axons

46
Q

Value which state is roughly the same as long as there are no signals and that are on is called

A

Resting potential

47
Q

The signal identified by the predictable rise and fall of the charge inside the axon 

A

Action potential

48
Q

When we refer to neurons as “firing” we are referring to the neuron having 

A

Action potential

49
Q

____ refers to how neurons represent various characteristics of the environment

A

Sensory coding

50
Q

The idea that one neuron can represent one stimulus or concepts such as a face

A

Specificity coding

51
Q

Neurons could be so specific that there could be one neuron in your brain that far is only in response to seeing your

A

Grandmother

52
Q

This condition is most common in older people destroys the cone-rich fovea and a small area that’s around…

A

Macular degeneration

53
Q

About how many rodes are in the eye?

A

120 million

54
Q

About 6 million ___ are in the eye

A

Cones

55
Q

Where the optic nerve leaves the eye

A

Blind spot

56
Q

Why do we have blind spots ?

A

One eye covers the blindspot of another,  it is located at the edge of the visual field, the brain fills in the spot

57
Q

Light reflected from objects in the environment enters the eye through the

A

Pupil

58
Q

The focus part of our eye

A

Cornea and lens

59
Q

The cornea and lens are responsible for

A

Forming sharp images of objects

60
Q

The network of neurons that covers the back of the eye and that contains receptors for vision

A

Photoreceptors

61
Q

A thin layer of tissue that covers approximately 65% of the back of the eye near the optic nerve is called

A

Retina

62
Q

What is the job of the retina

A

Receive light from the lens, convert it to neural signals and transmit them to the brain for visual recognition

63
Q

Receptors have outer segments which contain visual pigment molecules, which have

A

Two components

64
Q

What are the two components of visual pigments molecules

A
  1. Opsin 2. Retinal
65
Q

How many neurons are needed for an object in distributed coding ? 

A

Sparse coding, only a relatively small number of neurons are necessary

66
Q

Population coding

A

pattern of firing across many neurons codes specific objects
–Large number of stimuli can be coded by a few neurons.

67
Q

specificity coding

A

specific neurons responding to specific stimuli
•Leads to the “grandmother cell” hypothesis
•Recent research shows cells in the hippocampus that respond to concepts such as Halle Berry.

68
Q

Time a neuron cannot fire again in resting stage

A

Refactory period

69
Q

Inferior Temporal Cortex is

A

The cerebral cortex on the inferior convexity of the temporal lobe

70
Q

Why is the Inferior temporal cortex so crucial

A

Its crucial for visual object recognition and is considered to be the final stage in the ventral cortical visual system.

71
Q

The ________ is a part of the human visual system that is specialized for facial recognition

A

Fusiform face area

Sensation And Perception (3 decks)

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