EXAM 1

Question 1

Christopher Columbus

Answer 1

(1451-1506) Explorer who visited European colonies in the Mediterranean, the Atlantic Ocean, and the west coast of Africa before voyaging to the island of Hispaniola in 1492.

Question 2

Hernan Cortes

Answer 2

Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain.

Question 3

Aztec Empire

Answer 3

An empire based in Tenochtitlan (modern-day Mexico City) that ruled over 4 to 6 million people in modern-day Mexico and Guatemala.

Question 4

Tenochtitlan

Answer 4

Capital of the Aztec Empire, floating city

Question 5

Francisco Pizzaro

Answer 5

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incas and executing their leader, Atahuapla.

Question 6

Humanism

Answer 6

Intellectual movement begun around 1350 in Italy by scholars who opposed scholasticism. Emphasized the study of the humanities, which included traditional fields like logic, grammar, arithmetic, and music and newer fields like language, history, literature, and philosophy.

Question 7

Henry the Navigator

Answer 7

(1394-1460) Portuguese prince who supported Portuguese explorations in the Mediterranean and Atlantic and along the West African coast.

Question 8

Conquistadors

Answer 8

Spanish soldiers and explorers who led military expeditions in the Americas and captured land for Spain

Question 9

Atahualpa

Answer 9

Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish.

Question 10

encomienda system

Answer 10

system in Spanish America that gave settlers the right to tax local Indians or to demand their labor in exchange for protecting them and teaching them skills. “entrusted”

Question 11

Treaty of Tordesillas

Answer 11

Treaty signed by the Portuguese and the Spanish in 1494 that established a dividing line: all newly discovered territory west of the line belonged to Castile, while all of the islands to the east were reserved for Portugal.

Question 12

Emperor Akbar

Answer 12

1556-1605 most powerful Mughal emperor; pursued policy of tolerance toward Hindu. he invited Hindus to be a part of the Mugal goverment. Which helped unify the empire.

Question 13

Mughal Dynasty

Answer 13

emperors who controlled most of the Indian subcontinent from their capital at Delhi during the height of their power in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Question 14

Kongo Kingdom

Answer 14

West-central African kingdom whose king converted to Christianity in the early sixteenth century and established diplomatic relations with the Portuguese. Became an early source of slaves for the new Atlantic slave trade.

Question 15

Bourgeoisie

Answer 15

The French term for urban middle-class society—people with education and property but without aristocratic (noble/upheld) titles.

Question 16

The Dutch East India Company

Answer 16

a merchant company chartered to exercise a monopoly on all Dutch trade in Asia. The company was the effective ruler of Dutch colonial possessions in the East Indies. (cutting edge of capitalism). A business trade (wealthiest corporation that the world has ever seen)- tulip trade

Question 17

Vasco da Gama

Answer 17

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.

Question 18

Lê dynasty

Answer 18

The longest-ruling VIETNAMESE DYNASTY . Drawing on Confucian principles, its rulers increased the size and strength of the Vietnamese state and promoted agricultural productivity

Question 19

Choson Dynasty

Answer 19

the last and longest-lived imperial dynasty (1392-1910) of Korea

Question 20

Inner barbarians

Answer 20

Japan and the societies of Inner Asia, peoples touched by Chinese civilization but still uncouth (uncivilized/lacking good refinement)

Question 21

Catholic Reformation

Answer 21

Reform movement in the Catholic Church, also called the Counter-Reformation, that developed in response to the Protestant Reformation. The church clarified church doctrines and instituted a program for better training of priests.

Question 22

Indulgences

Answer 22

pardon sold by catholic church to reduce one’s punishment

Question 23

Martin Luther

Answer 23

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.-launched the Protestant Reformation in reaction to corruption in the Catholic Church

Question 24

Matteo Ricci

Answer 24

Italian Jesuit missionary who traveled to China in the sixteenth century. Tried unsuccessfully to reconcile Christianity with Confucianism and convert Ming scholar-officials.

Question 25

Edict of Nantes

Answer 25

represented a policy of relative “toleration” for religious minorities in France- effectively ended the French Wars of Religion by granting official tolerance to Protestantism

Question 26

Louis XIV

Answer 26

Known as the “Sun King,” he epitomized royal absolutism and established firm control over the French state. Aggressively pursued military domination of Europe while patronizing French arts from his court at Versailles.

Question 27

Cardinal Richelieu

Answer 27

influential adviser to French kings who centralized the administrative system of the French state and positioned the Bourbon rulers of France to replace the Habsburgs as the dominant Catholic force in Europe.

Question 28

Peace of Westphalia

Answer 28

series of peace treaties signed between May and October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster. The treaties ended the Thirty Years’ War and the Eighty Years’ War.

Question 29

Habsburg dynasty

Answer 29

one of the most important royal houses of Europe and is best known for being an origin of all of the formally elected Holy Roman Emperors between 1438 and 1740.-expanded from Austria to Spain, the Netherlands, and the Spanish Empire, as well as throughout the German-speaking world when Charles V (r. 1516-1556) was elected Holy Roman emperor. -mated with each other

Question 30

Safavid dynasty

Answer 30

founded by a Turkic nomad family with Shi’a Islamic beliefs; established a kingdom in Iran and ruled until 1722. -Dynasty that established Shi’ite Islam as the state religion in Iran and challenged the powerful Ottoman Empire. They fell to invaders from Central Asia in the early eighteenth century.

Question 31

haciendas

Answer 31

Large estates characteristic of colonial agriculture in Latin America

Question 32

Québec

Answer 32

Founded by Samuel de Champlain as the capital of New France (in modern Canada); became a hub for the French fur trade and the center from which French settlement in the Americas first began to expand.

Question 33

Huron

Answer 33

A matriarchal, Iroquoian-speaking Amerindian group in the St. Lawrence region that was devastated by the smallpox brought by French fur traders and missionaries in the mid-seventeenth century- by 1641 half had been killed by disease-sought baptism

Question 34

New England

Answer 34

Colony that began with the arrival of English Calvinists in the 1620s that was characterized by homogeneous, self-sufficient farming communities

Question 35

Atlantic plantation system

Answer 35

The focal point in the new set of interchanges among Africa, Europe, and the Americas that peaked in the eighteenth century. Utilized African slave labor to produce large quantities of agricultural products, particularly sugar, for international markets.

Question 36

Songhai empire

Answer 36

Important Islamic empire with prosperity based on both interregional and trans-Saharan trade. Stretched from the Atlantic into present-day Nigeria, reaching its height in the sixteenth century before being invaded by Morocco.

Question 37

mercantilism

Answer 37

Dominant economic theory in 17th and 18th century Europe that emphasized the role of international economics in interstate competition. Under this, restrictive tariffs were placed on imports to raise their prices, maximize the country’s exports, and build up supplies of gold and silver bullion for military investment. -trading and anyone can do their own business

Question 38

Hispaniola

Answer 38

First island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settlement founded by Columbus on second voyage to New World; Spanish base of operations for further discoveries in New World.

Question 39

The Columbian Exchange

Answer 39

All the plants, animals, goods, and diseases that crossed the Atlantic, and sometimes the Pacific, after 1492.

Question 40

Joint Stock Companies

Answer 40

Dutch created these- a company whose stock is owned jointly by the shareholders.- offering shares for investment purposes

Question 41

Toyotomi Hideyoshi

Answer 41

A daimyo (lord) who aspired to unify Japan under his own rule. His attempts to conquer Korea and China failed.

Question 42

Outer barbarians

Answer 42

opposite of inner barbarians, normal people of the world

Question 43

Tokugawa shogunate

Answer 43

he dynasty of shoguns, paramount military leaders of Japan. From their capital at Edo (now Tokyo), Tokugawa rulers brought political stability by restraining the power of the daimyo lords- strove to isolate it from foreign influences

Question 44

Daimyo

Answer 44

A Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai

Question 45

Shogun

Answer 45

“General” in Japanese; an all-powerful military leader governing on behalf of the emperor, who lived in Kyoto but exercised little actual power.

Question 46

Queen Elizabeth I

Answer 46

Queen of England who unofficially fought with Spain to keep control of England- solidly protestant

Question 47

William and Mary

Answer 47

These people were the king and queen of England after the Glorious Revolution that recognized the supremacy of the English Parliament- recognized the bill of rights

Question 48

absolutism

Answer 48

Louis XIV embodied this, the political doctrine and practice of unlimited centralized authority and absolute sovereignty, as vested especially in a monarch or dictator.

Question 49

Bill of Rights

Answer 49

protected William and Mary’s subjects against arbitrary seizure of person or property and that required annual meetings of Parliament.

Question 50

Oliver Cromwell

Answer 50

English general (puritan leader) and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658)-prevailed against the king’s forces

Question 51

Charles I

Answer 51

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649). His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648) in which he was defeated. He was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649

Question 52

puritans

Answer 52

Seventeenth-century reformers of the Church of England who attempted to purge the church of all Catholic influences. They were Calvinists who emphasized Bible reading, simplicity and modesty, and the rejection of priestly authority and elaborate rituals.

Question 53

Thirty Years’ War

Answer 53

Series of wars fought by various European powers on German-speaking lands. Began as a competition between Catholic and Lutheran rulers and was complicated by the dynastic and strategic interests of Europe’s major powers.- treaty of Westphalia ended this

Question 54

John Calvin

Answer 54

A Protestant leader whose followers emphasized individual scriptural study and the absolute sovereignty of God.- famous French theologian and a major leader of the Protestant Reformation

Question 55

Süleyman

Answer 55

Credited with the development of literature, art, architecture, and law and for inclusive policies toward religious minorities, they extended the Ottoman Empire while maintaining economic and political stability.

Question 56

Janissaries

Answer 56

An elite corps of slaves trained as professional soldiers in the Ottoman military. Janissary soldiers were Christian youths from the Balkans who were pressed into service and forced to convert to Islam.

Question 57

viceroyalties

Answer 57

Seats of power of the Spanish officials representing the king in the new world

Question 58

Council of the Indies

Answer 58

Spanish government body that issued all laws and advised king on all issues dealing with the New World colonies-responsible for the governing of the Spanish Empire, including issues of religion

Question 59

repartimiento

Answer 59

Spanish labor system in Latin America, supposed to replace the encomienda system, in which native communities were compelled to provide laborers for the farms or mines and the Spanish employers were expected to pay fair wages.

Question 60

Mestizo

Answer 60

Offspring of an Amerindian and Spanish union. Cultural and biologic blending became characteristic of Mexican society, marked by a complex racial hierarchy, the casta system, in which people were carefully categorized into dozens of categories of racial descent.

Question 61

Brazil

Answer 61

portugese claimed Brazil

Question 62

Dutch West India Company

Answer 62

formed this to penetrate markets and challenge the Spanish in the Americas- looks like the dutch east india company

Question 63

indentured labor

Answer 63

this system was of employers that paid for the transportation costs of poor English and Irish peasants in return for four to seven years of work, after which they received either a return passage or a small plot of land

Question 64

Bartolomé de las Casas

Answer 64

A Spanish Dominican friar who argued for the humanity of Amerindians and criticized Spanish mistreatment of them.

Question 65

Niger River

Answer 65

the longest river in West Africa, and a kind of trading highway in early times

Question 66

Kimpa Vita

Answer 66

Christian reformer in the Kongo kingdom, also known as Dona Beatriz. She preached that Jesus Christ was an African, blending Kongo beliefs with Catholic ones, before being executed as a heretic by a leader vying for the Kongo throne.