Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Core and Secondary Dimensions of diversity
A
- Core dimensions: Traits or characteristics that people are born with and are difficult to change, such as Sexual identity, age, race, mother tongue
- Secondary dimension: Traits or characteristics that were not born with and are easy to change such as Social class, religion
2
Q
Needs and barriers experienced by multicultural customers
A
- Consumer Racism: Receiving substandard service because of the race
- Products and Policies: Not have been developed for multicultural customers in mind
- Employees who are not at ease, and are frustrated and impatient to multicultural customers
3
Q
Inclusion (what is inclusion, barriers to and benefits of inclusion) - AR and class notes
A
- Its is a way of being with others that is welcoming, respectful, and values experience, knowledge and abilities of others
- Benefits of inclusion: Everyone gets equal access to services and products
- Barriers of inclusion: Negative and stereotypes, psychological barriers, communication barriers, transportation, economic problems, physical/structure problems, safety
4
Q
antecedents of beliefs
A
- The conditions that set the stage for beliefs to develop
- Ex, governments, parents, social media
5
Q
Beliefs
A
Involve what people perceive to be true
6
Q
Attitudes
A
- Learned predisposition to respond in a favorable or unfavorable manner with respect to a given object
- The enduring positive or negative feelings about people, objects, or issues
7
Q
Behaviors
A
Any observable or measurable act, response or movements by individual, not the feelings but the acts
8
Q
Stereotypes
A
- Can be either positive or negative
- A standardized mental picture held in common by members of a group that represents an oversimplified opinion, attitude or judgement
9
Q
Prejudice
A
- A negative attitude toward a socially defined group and toward any person received to be a member of that group
- A preconceived opinion or attitude which is formed without due consideration of the facts
- It is not based on scientific proof or rational thought process
10
Q
Discrimination
A
- The translation into consequential behavior or prejudicial beliefs
- Discrimination occurs when the object of prejudice is placed at some disadvantage not merited by his own misconduct
- Actions or practices carried out by members of dominant racial or ethnic groups that have a differential and negative impact on members of subordinate racial or ethnic group
- Horizontal discrimination: Discriminations between the minorities. Ex, Black discriminates Hispanic
11
Q
Theories of discrimination
A
- Displacement/scapegoat:
People displace their frustrating feelings toward other individuals who are not in the position to retaliate - authoritarian personality:
a) Prejudice is a form of psychopathology resulting from personality orientations developed in childhood
b) The authoritarian personalities people rigidly conform to conventional values and see moral values as clear cut, either right or wrong - categorization and stereotyping:
People categorize others into outgroup and ingroup, and they treat outgroup people badly
12
Q
Theories of discrimination
A
- Displacement/scapegoat:
People displace their frustrating feelings toward other individuals who are not in the position to retaliate - authoritarian personality:
a) Prejudice is a form of psychopathology resulting from personality orientations developed in childhood
b) The authoritarian personalities people rigidly conform to conventional values and see moral values as clear cut, either right or wrong - categorization and stereotyping:
People categorize others into outgroup and ingroup, and they treat outgroup people badly
13
Q
Theories of Discrimination Part 2
A
- socialization and conformity:
Children and adolescence acquire prejudice from their parents, teachers, peers, and the mass media along with other norms and values - perceived racial threat (self-interest):
Individuals develop prejudicial attitude toward others who they perceive pose a threat to their economic, cultural, political, and social position. Impact on the whole environment, not several cases - contact theory:
People develop prejudice toward those they don’t know-lack of equal status contact - realistic conflict:
Whenever there are two or more groups seeking for the same limited resources, this will lead to conflict, negative stereotypes and beliefs
14
Q
Segregation - what it is and possible consequences
A
- Segregation or separation of a group or an individual in a restricted area by discriminatory means
- Results in members of the group, or individuals receiving treatments that are different from other people
- Form of discrimination
- Separate water fountains, seats on the bus, and schools
15
Q
Stigma
A
- Undesired differences which separates the person from others in a society
- A person has one trait that is negatively valued, and the person is defined by the trait, and being devalued as a whole person
16
Q
Deviancy
A
- A person is considered deviant if he or she is perceived to be significantly different from others in some important characteristic, and if this difference is negatively valued
- It’s defined by cultural norms
17
Q
Self-fulfilling prophecy
A
- A person’s expectation to another person’s behavior can become an accurate prediction of the person’s behavior simply because it exists
- The labeling of the person may result in the person’s behavior being constant with the label
18
Q
Internalized oppression
A
- The tendency of minority people to accept negative stereotyping about themselves
- Internalized oppression occurs when an individual accepts the stereotypical beliefs as truth and acts upon them
19
Q
Spread phenomenon
A
- People act as the disabled person has disabilities in addition to the obvious and actual disabling condition
- People unconsciously assume that blind people are deaf
20
Q
Overexaggeration assumption
A
- Overestimating or overexaggerating of the extent to which a person’s disable condition affects his or her rest of the life
- Ex, disability is not being extended to disable’s lives
21
Q
The Architectural Barriers Act of 1968
A
The facilities that were built, designed, or altered must be accessible
22
Q
The Rehabilitation Act of 1973; Section 504
A
Prohibits discriminations on the basis of disability in programs constructed by Federal agencies, in programs receiving Federal financial assistance, in federal employment, and in the employment parties of Federal contractors
23
Q
The Education for all Handicapped Children Act of 197
A
Schools must be accessible
24
Q
Americans with Disabilities Act - what it is, major difference between previous acts (q. 22, 23 & 24) and the ADA, Titles (I - Employment, IIA - Government, IIB - Public Transit, III - Public Accommodations), undue burden - what it is, economic burden, administrative burden and programmatic burden, reasonable accommodations
A
- Difference: The purpose of Section 504 (civil rights law) is to protect individuals with disabilities from discrimination for reasons related to their disabilities. ADA broadened the agencies and businesses that must comply with the non-discrimination and accessibility provisions of the law.
- I-Employment: Any employer: prohibits private employers, State and local governments, employment agencies and labor unions from discriminating against qualified individuals with disabilities in job application procedures, hiring, firing, advancement, compensation, job training, and other
- IIA-Government: prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability in all services, programs, and activities provided to the public by State and local governments, except public transportation services
- III - Public Accommodations: prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability in the activities of places of public accommodations (businesses that are generally open to the public and that fall into one of 12 categories listed in the ADA, such as restaurants, movie theaters
- undue burden: Significant difficulty or expense when considered in light of a variety factors, including the nature and cost of auxiliary aid or service
- administrative burden: A shortage of qualified personal
- programmatic burden: If accommodate the needs will significantly affect the program
- Reasonable accommodation: Modify services, remove architectural, communication, or transportation barriers, supply personnel
24
Service, therapy, and emotional support animals
1. A service animal means any dog that is trained to do work or perform tasks for the benefits of an individual with disability, including physical and mental disabilities; protected by ADA
2. Therapy animals provide people with therapeutic contact to improve their physical, social, emotional, or cognitive functioning
3. Emotional support animals are any animals that provides emotional support alleviating one or more symptoms of a person's disability such as depression, anxiety, phobias, etc.
25
Civil Rights Act of 1964; Title III of the Act
1. Made racial racial discrimination in public places such as theaters, restaurants, or hotels, illegal
2. Protects constitutional tights in public facilities and education
3. Made discrimination illegal in federal assisted programs
4. Title III prohibits city and state governments from denying access to public facilities on grounds of race, color, religion or national origin
26
Age Discrimination Act of 1967
1. Prohibits age discrimination among employment
2. Protects certain applicants and employees above 40-year-old from discrimination on the basis of age in hiring, promotion, discharge, compensation, etc.
27
Ethnicity
A classification of people based on national origin and culture
28
Race
Identity with a group of people descended from a biological ancestor
29
The number of ethnic and racial minorities in the country (major groups), predictions for the year 2060
1. White non-Hispanic-44.3%
2. Hispanic-27.5%
3. African American-15%
4. Asian-9.1%
30
The reasons behind the rapid rise in the numbers of minorities in the U.S.
1. High fertility rates
2. Immigration
3. Change in self-identification
4. Increase in multi-racial population
31
Hart Celler Act of 1965
1. Hart Celler Act of 1965 abolished national origin quotes that had been in place in the US since 1882
2. Congress made family reunification as the primary criterion for admittance
32
Spatial distribution of major ethnic/racial groups in the U.S. (major patterns - traditional and new magnet states)
1. Traditional Immigrant Magnet States: Texas, Florida, Illinois, New York, New Jersey
2. New Immigrant Magnet States: Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Nebraska, Tennessee, Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina
33
IRCA Act of 1986
1. Immigrants had entered the US prior to 1982 and reside continuously between 1982-1986
2. The reason why immigrant significantly increased in 1986
34
DACA
Deferred Action for Childhood programs allows young immigrants, under age of 30, who arrived as children to apply for a deportation deferral
35
Socio-economic profile of ethnic/racial minority groups (major trends - household income, education rates; poverty rates; two groups of foreign-born population)
1. Median household income among ethnic and racial minorities: Asian, White, Hispanics, Black
2. Education attainment among ethnic and racial minorities: White takes the lead of finishing high school, while Hispanics and Blacks have to work during teenagers hence they often drop out of high school
3. Poverty rates among racial and ethnic minorities: Native American 25%, Black 20.8%, Hispanic 17.6%, White and Asian 10.1%
36
Differences in recreation patterns between non-Hispanic Whites, African Americans, and Latinos
1. Latinos: family-oriented recreation
2. African American: Individual recreation or within a peer group (small group)
37
Unique motivations for leisure and recreation among ethnic and racial minorities
1. For health
2. To learn and connect with new environment
3. To learn English for example
4. For scholarships
38
Constraints to leisure and recreation experienced by ethnic and racial minorities
Location, resources, time, social, social acceptance, transportation, language barrier, traditions, religion
39
Theories explaining differences in leisure / recreation participation patterns between ethnic/racial minorities and the mainstream population - marginality-ethnicity, selective acculturation, perceived discrimination, ethnic boundary maintenance
1. Marginality-Ethnicity theory: Minorities participate in different recreation activities because of lack of socioeconomic resources and problems of transportations
2. Perceived Discrimination Theory: Minorities do not participate in certain activities because they believe they may experience discrimination
3. Selective Acculturation Theory: Minorities adopt certain mainstream culture that allows them to function more effectively in mainstream environment but remain their culture traits
4. Ethnic Boundary Maintenance: Minorities built and emphasized cultural differences between themselves and the mainstream culture; meanwhile, they promote cultural solidarity within their groups
40
History of park and recreation delivery to ethnic and racial minorities - assimilation and segregation - AR
1. Assimilations: The process by which a person acquires social and psychological characteristics of a group
2. Segregation: The action state of setting someone or something apart from other people
41
Plessy v. Fergusson (1896)
All passenger trains in Louisiana are required from to provide "separate but equal" seating cars for Whites and Blacks
41
Supreme Court cases prior to the Civil Rights Act - 1955 - Mayor and City Council of Baltimore v. Dawson U.S. 877; 1955 - Holmes v. Atlanta U.S. 879; 1963 - Watson v. Memphis U.S. 373. - class notes and AR
1. 1955 - Mayor and City Council of Baltimore v. Dawson U.S. 877: Illegal to provide segregated beaches in Maryland
2. 1955 - Holmes v. Atlanta U.S. 879: The city of Atlanta could no longer assign golf courses to Blacks and Whites on different days of the week
3. 1963 - Watson v. Memphis U.S. 373: Desegregation of all public parks, pools, and recreation facilities in Memphis
42
Stacking in professional sports
Position segregation by race or ethnicity in team sports, placing athletes in certain positions based on racial stereotypes
Ex, whites are more often placed as quarterback and center in football, and pitcher and catcher in baseball, and setter in volleyball
43
The reasons for racial disparities in sports performance and participation - self-stereotyping; stereotype threat; identity; socialization; environmental influences; and modeling
1. Self-stereotyping: Occurs when an individual integrates commonly held characterizations into self-concept
2. Stereotype threat: Occurs when people become concerned that their behaviors might confirm negative stereotypes held by their group
3. Modeling: The greater the similarity between the model and the observer (age, race, gender) the greater the probability that the model's actions will be emulated
