Exam 1 Flashcards
Operant Extinction
reinforcement that was in the past is now withheld, behavior decreases
Negative punishment
take away stimulus, behavior decreases
ABC’s of observation
Antecedents, Behaviors, Consequences
Positive reinforcement
Adding positive stimuli, increase behavior
Habituation
When a stimuli gets to familiar and doesn’t respond anymore
Topography
Configuring the form or shape of a response
Function
the effects of the response
Scientist-practitioner model
training professional psychologists that works on both research and clinical skills
Humanistic Tradition
People are good by nature, humans strive towards self-actualization, Maslow, Rogers
Genotype
Colleton of alleles
Phenotype
Reaction of alleles
Central Nervous System
Brain and spinal cord
Sympathetic Nervous System
fight or flight
Emotions
Behavior: what you do
Cognition: think
Physiology: reaction
Observational learning
learning by observing others
Clinical assessment
evaluation of factors that may be affecting an individual’s problems
Unstructured interview
no set of questions, probing questions. Pro: wide net of info
Con: reliability
Validity
actually measuring what you intend to measure
Confounding varaible
variable other than the IV that effects the outcome
Negative reinforcement
increasing behaviors by removing stimuli
Avoidence
avoiding the risk by discounting the activity
Positive punishment
adding a stimulus to stop a behavior
Respondent extinction
the repeated presentation of a conditioned stimuli in the absence of the unconditioned stimuli
unconditioned stimuls
evokes an unconditioned response without prior conditioning
conditioned stimulus
elicits a response only after learning has taken place
unconditioned response
unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned reponse
a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
Syndrome
a group of symptoms which consistently occur together
Disease
a disorder of structure or function and is not simply a direct result of physical injury
psychological disorder
syndrome markedd by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior
Symptoms
sensation felt by an individual
Sign
visible to the naked eye ex. bruises
Course
the length of time of a disorder
Prognosis
a prediction of the course of a disease
onset
the chronological age at which symptoms of a disease or disorder first appear in an individual
Etiology
study of the cause of disease
supernatural tradition
deviant behavior as a battle of good vs. evil
Biological tradition
explanation of psychological dysfunction that primarily emphasizes brain disorder or illness as the cause
Psychological tradition
Explanation of human behavior and its dysfunction that emphasizes the influence of the social environment
moral theory
an explanation of what makes an action right/what makes a person good
Psychoanalytic tradition
condlicts between id and superego
fixation in a psychosexual stage of development
Carl Jung
Alfred Adler
Erik Erikson
Behavioral tradition
strong emphasis on learning
anti-mentalism
John B. Watson
Psychoanalysis
Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts
law of effect
Throndike’s rule that behaviors which have positive outcomes tend to be repeated
Assumption og healthy normality
humans are, by nature, psychologically healthy
Reductionism
to analyze a complex phenomenion in terms of the interactions of its parts
Problems with Reductionism
Stifles scientific progress
fails to account for interacting influences of context
Emergent phenomena
process in which complex phenomena arise through interactions of simpler pehenomena that do not display the same properties
One dimensional model
explains behavior in terms of a single cause
multi-dimensional model
explains behavior in terms of multiple causes
Diathesis-stress model
a diagnositic model that proposes that a disorder may develop
Gene-environment correlational model
genetic differences in exposure to particular environments
dominant and recessive
dominant gene in pair overrtides recessive gene
epigenetics
study of environmental influences on gene expression that cocur WITHOUT A a dna change
Axon
extension of neuron,pass messages to other neurons
Dendrites
brnachlike part of neurons that recieve information
synapse
junction between the axon tip and the dendrite
Action potential
a brief electircal charge that travels down an axon
neurotransmitters
chemicals the transmit information from one neuron to another
autonomic nervous system
Controls involuntary activity of visceral muscles and internal organs and glands.
Peipheral nervous system
parasympatheic nervous system
rest and digest
somatic nervous system
controls body’s skeletal muscles
peripheral nervous syste
learned helplessness
the behavior exhibited by a subject after enduring repeated aversive stimuli beyond their control
effects of social relationships
strong social ties are linked to a longer life
equifinality
different causes leads to one outcome
multifinality
same cause leads to different outcomes
diagnosis
process of determining weather a particular problem affecting the individual meets criteria for a psychological disorder
structured interview
fixed set of questions.
pro: good at getting info
con: awkward
semistructured interview
a guided open-ended interview
pro: ask whatever you want
behavioral assessment
evaluating the client’s thoughts, feelings and behaviors
reliaility
measure of repeated test or observation
categorical approach
diagnosis is categorical, and a person is either in the cateogry or not
dimensional approach
consider psychological disorders along a continuum
prototypical approach
provides essential characteristics but allows for variation
DSM - %
psychological tests
procedures used to evaluate personality traits, emotional states,
comborbidity
the co-occurrence of two or more disorders in an individual
hypothesis
a testable prediciton
independent variable
variable that is manipulated
dependent variable
variable that is being measured
internal validtiy
cause-and0effect infrences from a study
external valdity
we can generalize findings to real-world settings
correlation
a meaure pf the relationship between two variables
causation
event occur in predictiable ways that one event leads to another
replication
repeasting research to determine the extent to which findings generalize across time and situations
