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Fish 310 Lecture Exam 1 SG > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Paedocypris progenetica

A

Indonesia
Cyprinid
Smallest known species of fish in the world
smallest mature female measured 7.9 mm

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2
Q

Rhincodon typus

A

Class: Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes)
Infraclass: Elasmobranchii (sharks and rays)
Order: Orectolobiformes (Carpet sharks)
Family: Rhincodontidae (Whale shark)

Originated ~60 million years ago.
Filter over 6,000 liters (1,585 gal) of water an hour.
Yolk-sac viviparity (ovoviviparous;)
Litter size 300+ pups
Maturity 30 years and Lifespan 70 to 100 years.
Populations depleted by harpoon
fisheries in Southeast Asia.
Only 27,000 – 180,000 individuals left

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3
Q

Oldest living fish species

A

Greenland shark

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4
Q

Fish possessing whole body endothermy (conserve metabolic heat and maintain its body temperature above that of the surrounding environment)?

A

Opah

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5
Q

Factors affecting blood oxygen affinity

A

Temperature
pH
CO2 levels

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6
Q

Shark gills

A

Most sharks have five gill arches + five gill slits. The first gill arch bears only a single row of
filaments (hemibranch).
The remaining four gill arches consists of row of filaments on either side (holobranch).

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7
Q

How can fish remove 80 - 90% of O2 available from water?

A

1) Large volume of water passes over gills: ram ventilation and branchial pumps.
2) Counter current exchange of gases at gill site.
3) Large surface area for diffusion at gill site: number and length of lamellae.
4) Short diffusion distance at gill site.

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8
Q

Countercurrent exchange

A

Allows passive diffusion via rete mirable (bundle of
capillaries that run countercurrent to one another)

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9
Q

Salting-out effect

A

solubility of gas when pH changes

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10
Q

Bohr and Root Effects

A

Bohr (hemoglobin-oxygen affinity) and Root (binding
capacity for oxygen) when pH changes

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11
Q

Physostomus

A

Gas bladder: connected to the gut via pneumatic duct Primitive soft-rayed teleosts: herrings, salmonids, pikes, etc. (sturgeons/primitive fish).

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12
Q

Physoclistous

A

Gas bladder: not connected to gut. Derived fishes.

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13
Q

Buoyancy Regulation

A
  1. Reduce body density:
    – Lipid Accumulation
    – Water accumulation in tissues
    – Reduce ossification and muscular tissue
  2. Buoyancy organ: gas bladder
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14
Q

Swimming in fishes

A

least energy consumptive movement.
No energy needed to counter gravity + regulate buoyancy. (1 km swim - 0.39kcal)

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15
Q

White Muscle

A

Fast – burst swimming
Little vascularization
Large fibers (300-400 mm-type IIb)
Very few mitochondria
Low myoglobin
Anaerobic respiration (glycolysis)
High power production

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16
Q

Red Muscle

A

Slow – cruising swimming
Highly vascularized
Smaller fibers (100-200 mm - type I)
Many mitochondria
High myoglobin
Aerobic respiration (oxidative)
Low power production

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17
Q

In most fish, what kind of muscle takes up to 85% of the trunk and 60% of the body?

A

White muscle

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18
Q

Number of new fish species described each year

A

373 (or 1/day)

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19
Q

Class definition of fish

A

Aquatic vertebrates that have functional internal gills as an adult.

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20
Q

Are there more species of fish in freshwater or marine water?

A

85% freshwater

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21
Q

Largest living vertebrate?

A

Blue Whale (30m)

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22
Q

Longest animal in the ocean?

A

Lion’s Mane Jellyfish

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23
Q

Largest living fish?

A

Whale Shark (65.6 ft)

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24
Q

How many species (spp.) of fishes?

A

~36,000 (49%)

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25
Q

How many species (spp.) of mammals?

A

~6500 (9%)

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26
Q

How many species (spp.) of birds?

A

~11,000 (15%)

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27
Q

How many species (spp.) of reptiles?

A

~11,600 (16%)

28
Q

How many species (spp.) of amphibians?

A

~8400 (11%)

29
Q

Why do we have so many freshwater fish?

A

More opportunity for isolation and speciation in freshwater than in marine.

30
Q

How many species of shark?

A

550

31
Q

More freshwater fish in lakes or rivers?

A

Rivers (85%)

32
Q

What country has the highest fish biodiversity?

A

Australia (5,002)

33
Q

What country has the highest biodiversity of marine fishes?

A

Australia (4,697)

34
Q

What country has the highest biodiversity of freshwater fishes?

A

Brazil (3,513)

35
Q

What is the smallest living vertebrate?

A

Amphibian (Paedophryne amauensis 7.7mm)

36
Q

Why can you kill/suffocate a fish by CO2?

A

Fish produce carbon dioxide during respiration. Too much CO2 in the water increases toxicity and decrease the pH balance (becoming more acidic).

37
Q

of gills that sharks have?

A

5

38
Q

of gills that bony fish have?

A

4

39
Q

Physiological processes behind gas bladder

A

Bohr and root effects
Salting-out effect
Countercurrent exchange

40
Q

Which muscle type has more fat? Red or white

A

Red

41
Q

Ceratotrichia

A

(Sharks)
Stiff
Unbranched
unsegmented

42
Q

Lepidotrichia

A

(Bony fish)
Flexible
Segmented
Branched

43
Q

Spines

A

Hard & pointed
unsegmented
unbranched
solid

44
Q

Soft rays

A

usually soft & not pointed
segmented
branched
bilateral (left and right halves)

45
Q

Endoskeleton is composed of:

A

Axial skeleton and Appendicular skeleton

46
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

Skull, vertebral column, ribs

47
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Fins and fin girdles (pelvic + pectoral)

48
Q

Name the 2 components of the fish skull:

A

Neurocranium
Branchiocranium

49
Q

Jaw bones

A

Premaxillary, maxillary, and dentary

50
Q

Buccal cavity

A

Vomer, Palatine, glossohyal

51
Q

Types of teeth

A

canine
villiform
molariform
cardiform
incisor
pharyngeal

52
Q

Caudal fin types

A

Protocercal
Heterocercal
Abbreviated heterocercal
Diphycercal
Isocercal
Gephyrocercal
Homocercal

53
Q

Difference b/t undulation and oscillation:

A

Undulation: wavelengths pass down length of body (or fin). (anguilliform - eel)

Oscillation: structure (fin) that move back and forth - pivots on a base (Tuna)

54
Q

4 types of scales

A

Placoid
Cosmoid
Ganoid
Cycloid & ctenoid

55
Q

Neurocranium

A

Braincase

56
Q

Branchiocranium (visceral cranium)

A

gills
mandibular region
hyal region (hyoid arch and branchiostegal series)
branchial arches

57
Q

Neurocranium composed of 2 parts:

A

Chondocranium (endochondral) – bones that arise from cartilage bones. Formed by replacement of cartilage.

Dermatocranium – bones that arise in the dermal layer of the skin. Formed by direct ossification.

58
Q

Neurocranial Regions

A

Ethmoid: vomer, lateral ethmoid, median ethmoid
Orbital: pterosphenoid, frontal, suborbital, lachrymal, supraorbital
Otic: parietal, pterotic, prootic, sphenotic, epiotic
Brasicranial: parasphenoid, basioccipital, supraoccipital, exoccipital

59
Q

Do catfish have true spines?

A

No, they have spinous soft-rays

60
Q

spinous soft-rays

A
61
Q

Scales Modifications

A
  • Microscopic and embedded as in the freshwater eel (Anguillidae), which led to their being classified as non-kosher because of the supposed absence of scales. Similarly to adults swordfish (Xiphias gladius).
  • Lost their scales: freshwater catfishes (Ictaluridae) instead thick, leathery skin, and ocean sunfish (Mola mola) has the skin reinforced by a hard cartilage layer.
  • Removing scales can hurt as deep as the dermis, and not just the epidermis
62
Q

4 types of swimming:

A

Anguilliform – the length of the body
Subcarangiform – over ½
Carangiform – limited to ½
Thunniform – Just caudal

63
Q

Placoid

A
  • Characteristic of Chondrichthyans
  • Similar in structure to our teeth (covered with enameloid)
  • Placoid scales often referred to as dermal denticles.
  • They do not increase in size as the fish grows, instead new scales are added.
  • Reduces drag (increases swimming efficiency)
  • The teeth of elasmobranchs are evolutionary derivatives of placoid scales
64
Q

Cosmoid

A
  • Rhombic scales - present in fossil coelacanths and fossil lungfishes and probably arose from fusion of placoid scales
  • Scale becomes larger as fish grows and new bone is added to the basal layers.
  • Living coelacanths have a cosmine-free cosmoid-like scales that are thinner
65
Q

Ganoid

A
  • Found in bichirs, bowfin, and gars.
  • Modified cosmoid scale
  • Ganoid scales have an enamel-like covering called ganoine
  • Rhomboid or diamond shape
  • Armor-like plates for protection (but heavy)
  • Sturgeon scales are modified into large plates (bony plates or scutes), with most of the rest of the body naked.
66
Q

Cycloid & ctenoid

A
  • Evolved from ganoid scales by thinning. Found in most bony fishes.
  • Also called elasmoid. These scales overlap like shingles on a roof, which gives great flexibility and less weight.
  • Both lack enamel.
  • Ctenoid have ctenii (teeth on posterior margin) – breaks up turbulence at high speeds

Fish 310 Lecture Exam 1 SG (1 decks)

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