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Fish 310 Lecture Exam 1 SG > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Paedocypris progenetica

A

Indonesia
Cyprinid
Smallest known species of fish in the world
smallest mature female measured 7.9 mm

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2
Q

Rhincodon typus

A

Class: Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes)
Infraclass: Elasmobranchii (sharks and rays)
Order: Orectolobiformes (Carpet sharks)
Family: Rhincodontidae (Whale shark)

Originated ~60 million years ago.
Filter over 6,000 liters (1,585 gal) of water an hour.
Yolk-sac viviparity (ovoviviparous;)
Litter size 300+ pups
Maturity 30 years and Lifespan 70 to 100 years.
Populations depleted by harpoon
fisheries in Southeast Asia.
Only 27,000 – 180,000 individuals left

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3
Q

Oldest living fish species

A

Greenland shark

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4
Q

Fish possessing whole body endothermy (conserve metabolic heat and maintain its body temperature above that of the surrounding environment)?

A

Opah

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5
Q

Factors affecting blood oxygen affinity

A

Temperature
pH
CO2 levels

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6
Q

Shark gills

A

Most sharks have five gill arches + five gill slits. The first gill arch bears only a single row of
filaments (hemibranch).
The remaining four gill arches consists of row of filaments on either side (holobranch).

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7
Q

How can fish remove 80 - 90% of O2 available from water?

A

1) Large volume of water passes over gills: ram ventilation and branchial pumps.
2) Counter current exchange of gases at gill site.
3) Large surface area for diffusion at gill site: number and length of lamellae.
4) Short diffusion distance at gill site.

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8
Q

Countercurrent exchange

A

Allows passive diffusion via rete mirable (bundle of
capillaries that run countercurrent to one another)

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9
Q

Salting-out effect

A

solubility of gas when pH changes

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10
Q

Bohr and Root Effects

A

Bohr (hemoglobin-oxygen affinity) and Root (binding
capacity for oxygen) when pH changes

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11
Q

Physostomus

A

Gas bladder: connected to the gut via pneumatic duct Primitive soft-rayed teleosts: herrings, salmonids, pikes, etc. (sturgeons/primitive fish).

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12
Q

Physoclistous

A

Gas bladder: not connected to gut. Derived fishes.

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13
Q

Buoyancy Regulation

A
  1. Reduce body density:
    – Lipid Accumulation
    – Water accumulation in tissues
    – Reduce ossification and muscular tissue
  2. Buoyancy organ: gas bladder
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14
Q

Swimming in fishes

A

least energy consumptive movement.
No energy needed to counter gravity + regulate buoyancy. (1 km swim - 0.39kcal)

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15
Q

White Muscle

A

Fast – burst swimming
Little vascularization
Large fibers (300-400 mm-type IIb)
Very few mitochondria
Low myoglobin
Anaerobic respiration (glycolysis)
High power production

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16
Q

Red Muscle

A

Slow – cruising swimming
Highly vascularized
Smaller fibers (100-200 mm - type I)
Many mitochondria
High myoglobin
Aerobic respiration (oxidative)
Low power production

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17
Q

In most fish, what kind of muscle takes up to 85% of the trunk and 60% of the body?

A

White muscle

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18
Q

Number of new fish species described each year

A

373 (or 1/day)

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19
Q

Class definition of fish

A

Aquatic vertebrates that have functional internal gills as an adult.

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20
Q

Are there more species of fish in freshwater or marine water?

A

85% freshwater

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21
Q

Largest living vertebrate?

A

Blue Whale (30m)

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22
Q

Longest animal in the ocean?

A

Lion’s Mane Jellyfish

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23
Q

Largest living fish?

A

Whale Shark (65.6 ft)

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24
Q

How many species (spp.) of fishes?

A

~36,000 (49%)

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25
How many species (spp.) of mammals?
~6500 (9%)
26
How many species (spp.) of birds?
~11,000 (15%)
27
How many species (spp.) of reptiles?
~11,600 (16%)
28
How many species (spp.) of amphibians?
~8400 (11%)
29
Why do we have so many freshwater fish?
More opportunity for isolation and speciation in freshwater than in marine.
30
How many species of shark?
550
31
More freshwater fish in lakes or rivers?
Rivers (85%)
32
What country has the highest fish biodiversity?
Australia (5,002)
33
What country has the highest biodiversity of marine fishes?
Australia (4,697)
34
What country has the highest biodiversity of freshwater fishes?
Brazil (3,513)
35
What is the smallest living vertebrate?
Amphibian (Paedophryne amauensis 7.7mm)
36
Why can you kill/suffocate a fish by CO2?
Fish produce carbon dioxide during respiration. Too much CO2 in the water increases toxicity and decrease the pH balance (becoming more acidic).
37
# of gills that sharks have?
5
38
# of gills that bony fish have?
4
39
Physiological processes behind gas bladder
Bohr and root effects Salting-out effect Countercurrent exchange
40
Which muscle type has more fat? Red or white
Red
41
Ceratotrichia
(Sharks) Stiff Unbranched unsegmented
42
Lepidotrichia
(Bony fish) Flexible Segmented Branched
43
Spines
Hard & pointed unsegmented unbranched solid
44
Soft rays
usually soft & not pointed segmented branched bilateral (left and right halves)
45
Endoskeleton is composed of:
Axial skeleton and Appendicular skeleton
46
Axial Skeleton
Skull, vertebral column, ribs
47
Appendicular skeleton
Fins and fin girdles (pelvic + pectoral)
48
Name the 2 components of the fish skull:
Neurocranium Branchiocranium
49
Jaw bones
Premaxillary, maxillary, and dentary
50
Buccal cavity
Vomer, Palatine, glossohyal
51
Types of teeth
canine villiform molariform cardiform incisor pharyngeal
52
Caudal fin types
Protocercal Heterocercal Abbreviated heterocercal Diphycercal Isocercal Gephyrocercal Homocercal
53
Difference b/t undulation and oscillation:
Undulation: wavelengths pass down length of body (or fin). (anguilliform - eel) Oscillation: structure (fin) that move back and forth - pivots on a base (Tuna)
54
4 types of scales
Placoid Cosmoid Ganoid Cycloid & ctenoid
55
Neurocranium
Braincase
56
Branchiocranium (visceral cranium)
gills mandibular region hyal region (hyoid arch and branchiostegal series) branchial arches
57
Neurocranium composed of 2 parts:
Chondocranium (endochondral) – bones that arise from cartilage bones. Formed by replacement of cartilage. Dermatocranium – bones that arise in the dermal layer of the skin. Formed by direct ossification.
58
Neurocranial Regions
Ethmoid: vomer, lateral ethmoid, median ethmoid Orbital: pterosphenoid, frontal, suborbital, lachrymal, supraorbital Otic: parietal, pterotic, prootic, sphenotic, epiotic Brasicranial: parasphenoid, basioccipital, supraoccipital, exoccipital
59
Do catfish have true spines?
No, they have spinous soft-rays
60
spinous soft-rays
61
Scales Modifications
- Microscopic and embedded as in the freshwater eel (Anguillidae), which led to their being classified as non-kosher because of the supposed absence of scales. Similarly to adults swordfish (Xiphias gladius). - Lost their scales: freshwater catfishes (Ictaluridae) instead thick, leathery skin, and ocean sunfish (Mola mola) has the skin reinforced by a hard cartilage layer. - Removing scales can hurt as deep as the dermis, and not just the epidermis
62
4 types of swimming:
Anguilliform – the length of the body Subcarangiform – over ½ Carangiform – limited to ½ Thunniform – Just caudal
63
Placoid
- Characteristic of Chondrichthyans - Similar in structure to our teeth (covered with enameloid) - Placoid scales often referred to as dermal denticles. - They do not increase in size as the fish grows, instead new scales are added. - Reduces drag (increases swimming efficiency) - The teeth of elasmobranchs are evolutionary derivatives of placoid scales
64
Cosmoid
- Rhombic scales - present in fossil coelacanths and fossil lungfishes and probably arose from fusion of placoid scales - Scale becomes larger as fish grows and new bone is added to the basal layers. - Living coelacanths have a cosmine-free cosmoid-like scales that are thinner
65
Ganoid
- Found in bichirs, bowfin, and gars. - Modified cosmoid scale - Ganoid scales have an enamel-like covering called ganoine - Rhomboid or diamond shape - Armor-like plates for protection (but heavy) - Sturgeon scales are modified into large plates (bony plates or scutes), with most of the rest of the body naked.
66
Cycloid & ctenoid
- Evolved from ganoid scales by thinning. Found in most bony fishes. - Also called elasmoid. These scales overlap like shingles on a roof, which gives great flexibility and less weight. - Both lack enamel. - Ctenoid have ctenii (teeth on posterior margin) – breaks up turbulence at high speeds

Fish 310 Lecture Exam 1 SG (1 decks)

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