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Seminar in Speech Science > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

sound working definition

A

In the strictest sense, sound is a compressional wave that produces a sensation in the human air

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2
Q

True or False: Sound is both perceptual and physiological.

A

True

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3
Q

perceptual sound

A

-sensation of hearing
-the way we perceive the properties of the sound
-sound will only exist if there is a functional listener

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4
Q

physical perspective of sound (physiological)

A

-anything that produces a sound HAS to be capable of vibrations
-must possess 2 properties: mass and elasticity (everything in nature has these)

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5
Q

meaning of physical perspective of sound

A

everything in nature can vibrate, therefore everything in nature is capable of being a source of sound
-anything in nature can be both the source and medium of a sound

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6
Q

mass working definition

A

in terms of sound, mass is the amount of matter present via a solid; liquid, or gas that is capable of vibratory motion

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7
Q

mass

A

the amount of matter present

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8
Q

weight

A

the product of the gravitational force exerted on that matter

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9
Q

elasticity working definition

A

the property of all matter via solid, liquid, or gas which allows it to undergo distortion of either shape or volume when force is applied

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10
Q

elastic limit

A

the point at which crossed no longer allows that matter to return to its original form

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11
Q

equilibrium

A

-state of rest
-not making sound
-has not been forced to do anything

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12
Q

Newton’s first law

A

all bodies remain at rest of in a state of uniform motion unless another force acts in opposition

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13
Q

inertia working definition

A

-tendency of a body in motion is to remain in motion
-tendency of a body at rest is to remain at rest

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14
Q

the amount of inertia

A

directly proportional to its mass

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15
Q

Newton’s third law

A

for every force, there must be an equal reaction force in the opposite direction

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16
Q

True or False: A force can act along

A

False: you cannot have a force acting along, there must be a reaction force

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17
Q

cycle of vibration

A

one cycle of vibration is equal to equilibrium to maximum displacement in one direction, back through equilibrium to maximum displacement in the opposite direction, back to equilibrium

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18
Q

medium

A

-has to be able to vibrate
-needs mass and elasticity
-air is in a state of equilibrium and each molecules remains equidistant and exerts equal pressure

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19
Q

characteristics of air

A

each molecule of air maintains an equal distance from all other molecules of air, with each molecules of air exerting equal amount of pressure

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20
Q

density working definition

A

the amount of mass per unit volume

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21
Q

mass vs. density

A

sea level: dense
colorado: not dense

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22
Q

elasticity of air

A

-can be distorted
-can create changes in density
-air will have a tendency to move back to its original state
-still not touching, still maintaining equal pressure

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23
Q

area of compression

A

more molecules of air present than there are at equilibrium

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24
Q

areas of compression

A

more molecules of air present than there are at equilibrium

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25
Q

areas of rarefaction

A

fewer molecules of air present than there are at equilibrium

26
Q

soundwave

A

propagated by series of density changes in the medium

27
Q

greater maximum displacement of a source

A

greater maximum displacement of medium

28
Q

simple harmonic motion

A

the wave of disturbance transmitted through the medium when you have a sound of a single frequency

29
Q

if a sine wave has high density (compression)

A

-equilibrium
-displacement: minimum
-pressure: minimum
-velocity: maximum

30
Q

if a sine wave has low density (rarefaction)

A

-displacement: maximum
-pressure: maximum
-velocity: minimum

31
Q

spatial properties of sine waves

A

-the relative position of a molecule of air at a given instant in time
-amplitude
-wavelength

32
Q

amplitude

A

maximum displacement of a molecule of air

33
Q

amplitude vs loudness

A

-amplitude is physiologic (can be measured)
-loudness if psychologic (cannot be measured)

34
Q

peak amplitude

A

the linear measurement from equilibrium to the point of displacement in one direction

35
Q

Peak-to-Peak amplitude

A

the linear measurement from the point of maximum displacement in one direction to the point of maximum displacement in the opposite direction

36
Q

RMS value

A

-root-mean-square
-absolute measure
-takes into account that amplitude decreases as a function of time and amplitudes varies from one cycle to the next

37
Q

How to calculate RMS (long way)

A

-square the peak amplitude twoard positive
-square the peak amplitude toward negative
-add together
-average and find the square root

38
Q

how to calculate RMS (short way)

A

A=1.1414 OR A*0.707

39
Q

wavelength

A

the linear measure that refers to the distance a sound wave can travel during one complete cycle of vibration

40
Q

temporal properties of sine wave

A

-refers to the movement of a single molecule over a period of time
-cycle
-period
-frequency

41
Q

period

A

time it takes to complete one cycle of vibration

42
Q

frequency

A

the number of complete cycles that occur during a certain timeframe

43
Q

frequency and pitch relationship

A

-as frequency increases, our perception of the pitch of a sound increases
-as frequency decreases, our perception of pitch decreases
-frequency is physiologic (can be measured)
-pitch is perceptual (cannot be measured)

44
Q

pitch formula

A

Pitch= 1/ Frequency
in seconds

45
Q

frequency formula

A

frequency= 1/ period
in Hz

46
Q

frequency and wavelength relationship

A

-as frequency increases wavelength decreases
-as frequency decreases, wavelength increases

47
Q

wavelength formula

A

wavelength= velocity/ frequency
measured in ft

48
Q

frequency formula

A

frequency=velocity/wavelength
measured in Hz

49
Q

velocity ALWAYS equals

A

1,130 ft/sec

50
Q

type of wave motion

A

-longitudinal and transverse wave motion

51
Q

longitudinal wave motion

A

the direction of air particle movement is parallel to the direction of wave movement

52
Q

transverse wave motion

A

the direction of vibration in the air is at the right angle to the direction the wave is moving

53
Q

phase definitoin

A

the particle position within a cirlce of motion at a given instant in time

54
Q

phase will determine what happens when sound is

A

combined

55
Q

complex sounds

A

any sound composed of 2 or more simple sinusoids

56
Q

in phase

A

the areas of rarefaction/compression occur at the exact same time

57
Q

in phase characteristics

A

-frequency: same
-amplitude: same
-starting phase: same

58
Q

out of phase

A

the areas of rarefaction/compression do not occur at the exact same time

59
Q

2 sounds out of phase

A

create new sound with new frequency and increased amplitude

60
Q

2 sounds that are 180 degrees out of phase

A

the areas of compression/rarefaction occur in direct opposition to each other

61
Q

dead spot/area of silence

A

2 waves cancel each other out

Seminar in Speech Science (1 decks)

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