Exam 1 Flashcards
biological Anthropology
the study of human biology within the frame work of evolutionary biological
Primatology
preservation of endangered species
Paleopathology
prehistoric forensics
inductive reasoning
when you take a specific phenomenon then use that instance to make broad generalization
deductive reasoning
when there is already alot known about a phenomenon but you focus on something specific within that knwon frameowrk
Copernicus
heliocentric universe, naturalistic theistic basis for inellectual views, He was a marhematician/astronomer replaced ptolemic view
Catastrophism
the view that the earths geological landscape is the result of violent cataclysmic events.Cuvier promoted this view.e Especially in opposition events
Linnaeus
organisms are static and perfectly adapted to their environment
Lamarck
evolution occurs as a response to a stimulus an inheritance of acquired characteristics
Darwin’s
shift in human history intellectually. beagle voyages doubt in species fixity
Great Chain Of Being
Hierarchical structure of all matter and life
natural selection
Evolutionary change, front descired by charles darwin th term refers to genetic change or changes in the frequencies of certain traits in populations due to differential reproductive success between individuals
Malthus
human population growth is potentially geomertic, food production increases arithmetically
cuvier
proposed catastrophism as an explanation for extinction. earths geology and natural history periodically produced turnover events. Ex: vertebrates, Molluscs
bionomial nomenclature
established by linnaeus, genus and species names are used to refwe to living things. ex, homosapiens refers to human beings
Lyell
natural laws, earths crust took place through multiplle changes over vast periods of time
fossil
preserved remains impression or trace of any once living thing from a past geological age
variation
differences in population/genes
darwinian fitness
capacity of a variant type to invade and displace the resident population in competetion for available resources
organic evolution
change in the properties of population of organisms, through genetic transmission, which transcends the lifetime of a single individual
broad sense evolution
merely change, all peruasive, galaxies, languages , political systems and individuals all evolve
geological uniformation
how life interacted and influence each other throughout time
inheirtance of acquired charcteristics
orgagisms experiencingsuch a modification can transmit such a character to its offspring
darwins evidence of natural selection
if animals didnt adapt right than they wouldntmake it far enough to reproduce
paradigm shift to naturalistic view of life
is a world shift
Mitosis
produces 2 identical cells
meiosis
the chromosomes cross over and the
haploid
23 chromosomes cross over and the chromosomes swap (sex cells)
diploid
46 chromosomes (somatic cells)
centromere
links the pair of sister chromatids together during cell division
chemical base bonding
each pair of shared electrons constitute udes one chemical base
allele
alternate form of a gene, blue eyes (recessive) brown eyes (dominant)
gene
segment of dna that is functional encodes a protein, encodes a protein, encode RNA, DNA regulations or DNA structure elements
Homologous
pairing at meiosis and having the same strucutre features and pattern of genes
gamete
reproductive cell of an animal or plant
codon
the genetic code is the set of rules used by living cells to translate information encoded within genetic material into proteins
4 dna bases
Adenine (a), cytosine (c)
guanine (g) thymine (t)
mutation
change from the ancestral (changes of DNA from the parent to you) creates new alleles
Triplet
64 different combination provides plenty of info in DNA placement for all 20 amino acids
cell nucleus
cotains all of the cell’s chromosomes, which encode the genetic material
single locus
a specfic, fixed position on a chromosome where a particular gene or genetic marker is located
redundancy
most amino acids are specified by more than one mRNA codon
chromosome
structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells
Recombination
the exchange of genetic material between paired chromosome during meiosis , also called crossing over
karyotype
the chromsomes of an individual what is typical of a species, viewed mircoscopically and displayed in a photograph. the chromosome are aranged in pairs and according to size and position of the centromere
Nucleotide
basic units of the dna molecule, composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and one of four DNA bases
exons
protein- coding segments of DNA, these are copied into RNA during transcription. exons exit the nucleus to form proteins, exons make up <2% of the human geone
introns
non coding segments of DNA. these are copied into rna during transcription but are removed proir to translation
independent assortment
Distribution of one pair of alleles into gametes does not influence the distribution of another pair. the genes controlling different traits are inherited independently of one another
segregation of traits
each individual that is a diploid has a pair of alleles for a particular trait
blending inheritance
parental traits mixed to produce intermiediate offspring
pleiotrophy
additional refinement to mendels seconds law, the condition which a single mutant gene affects two ore more seemingly unrelated genes and therefore their phenotypic trait expression
genotype
the geentic makeup of an individual genotype usually refers to an organism genetic makeup at a particular locus
phenotype
the observable or detectable physical characteriscs of an organism, the detectable expressions of genotype, frequently influenced by enviromental factors
mendels phenotype ratios
9:3:3:1
linkage
important refinment to mendels second law
homozygous
the same allele present at a locus
heterozygous
two different variations of a gene
dominant
like RR or Rr it will always be the R trait because its powerful
recessive
like rr from parent
modern synthesis
intergration of mendelian genetics and natural selection
polygenic inheritance
the inheritance of a trait governed by more than one gene
modes of natural selection
stabilizing selection, directional selection, disruptive selection
phylogeny
two methodological apporoaches
populations
a group of people
biological species
unworkable concept, formulated by ernst Mayr , a group of organisms that can be interbreed, to produce fertile offpsring and are reproductively isolated from other groups
speciation
the fundamental marcoevolutionary process
adaptive radiation
the relatively rapid expansion and diversification of life forms into new ecological niches
genetic drift
within small population result in less geentic allele diversity within a population , allele shift within a population not caused by natural selection . result in ledd diversity of alleles in a population
evolutionary forces random
genetic drift
evolutionary forces directional
gene flow
gene pool
the collection of all available genes that are available to be passed down from parents to offspring in the population of a single species
taxonomy
the practice of classification
cladogram
shows the theory of relationships between groups of organisms
macroevolution
importance of species concept, species is the central unit in macroevolution, speciation is the process driving macroevolutionary change
homologus
similar instructure and position in two ore more organisms, these were inheirted by a common ancestor
gene flow
the exchange of genes/alleles between population leads to homogenized gene pools, over time , should exchange continue -> this leads to homogention of the two populations
gradulism
changes in a organism occur gradually through time in states rather than slowly
