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Bio 200 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Ecology

A

Scientific study of interactions between organisms and the environment.

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2
Q

Population

A

A group of individuals of the same species living in an area

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3
Q

Population Ecology

A

Analyzes factors that affect population size and how and why it changes through time.

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4
Q

Community

A

A group of populations of different species in an area

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5
Q

Community Ecology

A

Examines how interactions between species, such as predation and competition, affect community structure and organization.

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6
Q

Ecosystem

A

The community of organisms in an area and the physical factors with which those organisms interact.

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7
Q

Ecosystem Ecology

A

Energy flow and chemical cycling between organisms and the environment.

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8
Q

Landscape (sea scape)

A

A mosaic of connected ecosystems

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9
Q

Climate

A

The long term prevailing weather conditions in a given area

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10
Q

Dispersal

A

The movement of individuals or gametes away from their area of origin or from centers of high population density

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11
Q

Dispersion

A

The pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population

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12
Q

Clumped Dispersion

A

Species together in patterns (starfish)

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13
Q

Uniform Dispersion

A

Evenly spaced species (penguins)

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14
Q

Random Dispersion

A

Unpredicted spacing. Position is independent from other individuals (dandelions)

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15
Q

Demography

A

Study of vital statistics of populations and how they change over time

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16
Q

Life table

A

Summarizes the survival and reproduction rates of individuals in specific age groups within a population

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17
Q

Cohort

A

Group of individuals of the same age from birth until all individuals are dead

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18
Q

Survival Curve

A

A plot of the proportion or numbers in a cohort still alive at each age

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19
Q

Type 1 curve

A

Flat at the start reflecting low death rate during early and middle life and then drops steeply as death rates among older age groups increases (ex: humans/elephants)

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20
Q

Type 3 curve

A

Drops at the start reflecting high death rates in young but flattens as death rates decline for the few that survive the early period (ex fishes)

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21
Q

Type 2 curve

A

Constant death rate over the organisms life span (ex: rodents / lizards)

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22
Q

Semelparity

A

One shot pattern of big-bang reproduction(salmon)

23
Q

Iteroperity

A

Repeated reproduction

24
Q

K selection

A

Offspring enters a world near carrying capacity. Have few kids at a time (humans)

25
R selection
Produce many offspring - low probability of survival
26
Population dynamics
When the population fluctuates — influenced by many factors and in turn affect other species
27
Interspecific Interactions
Include competition, predation, herbivory, parasitism, mutualism & commensalism.
28
Predation (+/-)
Positive effect on the predator population and negative effect on the prey population
29
Mutualism (+/+)
Interaction because of survival and reproduction of both species are increased in the presence of the other
30
Competition (-/-)
Interaction that occurs when individuals of different species compete for resources that limit survival and reproduction of each species. (Ex: lynx & fox competing for prey)
31
Competitive exclusion
A reproductive advantage that leads to elimination of the inferior competitor
32
Ecological niche
Specific set of biotic and abiotic resources that an organism uses in its environment (how it fits into the ecosystem/its role)
33
Resource partitioning
One species using a different set of resources or similar resources at different times of the day or year. Enables similar species to coexist in a community
34
Allopatric
Geographically separate population
35
Sympatric
Geographically overlapping populations
36
Character displacement
Tendency for characteristics to diverge more in sympatric than allopatric populations of two species (ex: change in beak depth in birds bc of the overlap of their populations)
37
Exploitation (+/-)
Any (+/-) interaction between species in which one species benefits by feeding on the other species which is harmed by interaction. (Predation , herbivory, and parasitism)
38
Aposematic Coloration
Warning coloration; bright effective chemical defenses
39
Cryptic coloration
Camouflage
40
Batesian mimicry
A palatable or harmless species mimics an unpalatable or harmful species to which it is not closely related (larva of a hawk moth looking like a small venomous snake)
41
Mullerian mimicry
Two or more unpalatable species mimic such as cuckoo bee and yellow jacket resembles each other
42
Herbivory (+/-)
Herbivore eats plants or algae thereby harming it
43
Parasitism (+/-)
Exploitative interaction in which one organism,the parasite, derives it’s nourishment from another organism, it’s host which is harmed in the process
44
Endoparasites
Parasites that live within the body
45
Ectoparasite
Parasites that feed on the external surface of a host (ticks & lice)
46
Positive interaction (+/+ or 0/+)
Interaction where at least one benefits and neither is harmed (mutualism & commensalism)
47
Commensalism (+/0)
One benefits, the other is not affected. (ex: wildflowers that grow optimally in lower light levels depend on trees that tower above for dim habitat. Survival and reproduction are not affected by the wildflowers
48
Biomass
Total mass of all organisms in a habitat
49
Invasive species
Species outside of their native range (higher diversity communities more resistant)
50
Disturbance
Event such as a storm, fire, flood, drought, or human activity that carnage’s a community by removing organisms from it or altering resource availability.
51
Non equilibrium model
Describes most communities as constantly changing after disturbances
52
Intermediate disturbances hypothesis
Moderate levels of disturbance foster greater species diversity than do high or low levels of disturbance
53
Primary succession
The first step of ecological succession — lifeless area
54
Secondary succession
Occurs when existing community has been cleared by disturbance that leaves soil intact

Bio 200 (1 decks)

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