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PSYC 110 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Top-down processing

A

uses contribution of the brain; person’s knowledge, experience, expectations
“is that something I’ve seen before?”

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2
Q

Helmholtz’s unconscious inference

A

we use our knowledge to perceive but not in a conscious way (uses a top-down approach)

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3
Q

Cognitive Neuroscience

A

-how does the of the structure and the function of the brain contribute to mental successes and failures
-the study of physiological basis of cognition

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4
Q

Differences between cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience

A

Both measure observable behavior and draw conclusions about underlying cognitive activity, but cognitive neuroscience also makes observations about the brain in addition to behavior to draw their conclusions

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5
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

A

-one type of neuroimaging
-tracks oxygen use in the brain
-mesures fMRI signal during tasks to learn about how the brain works during these tasks

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6
Q

Advantages of fMRI

A

safer, can measure activation of different regions of the brain, can design/control experiments

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7
Q

Disadvantage of fMRI

A

expensive for researchers, cannot be used on everyone, can’t determine causation

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8
Q

Disadvantage of patient studies

A

brain injury is complex and variable, need to find a number of patients (conditions are rare)

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9
Q

What causes optical illusions

A

the images cause the brain to misinterpret what it’s seeing because the brain take shortcuts perception

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10
Q

Forgetting curve

A

memory for information decreases with time since the information was learned

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11
Q

Behaviorism

A

-eliminated the mind as a topic of study
-studies observable behavior
-methods involve conditioning
-John Watson

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12
Q

Localization of function

A

parts of the brain are specialized for certain functions (ex: fusiform face area)

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13
Q

Distributed representation

A

real-world activities use multiple areas of the brain

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14
Q

Gestalt Laws of Organization

A

perceive objects by using patterns; “the whole is different than the sum of its parts” (utilized bottom-up approach)

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15
Q

Regularities of the environment

A

perception is influenced by what is seen commonly in nature

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16
Q

Light from above assumption

A

-regularity of environment
-light usually comes from above
-perceive shadows as specific information about depth and distance

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17
Q

Super-recognizers

A

very strong facial recognition skills

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18
Q

a study replicates if

A

you find the same patterns

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19
Q

Factors that might be leading to the replication crisis

A

confirmation bias, incentives, errors, fraud

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20
Q

Cognitive psychology

A

the scientific study of the mind, focused on understanding cognition

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21
Q

Patient Studies/Neuropsychology

A

-find patients with areas of brain damage or known difficulty
-test them to learn about brain/cognition relationship

22
Q

Advantage of patient studies

A

can determine causality and less expensive

23
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

uses information from the senses, incoming raw data “what am I seeing”

24
Q

Spacing effect

A

learning in small chunks is typically more effective than all at once

25
Q

Early Critiques of Cognitive Psychology

A

-John Watson was critical of the study of the mind because of the black box problem and the use of introspection as a research method
-Field of behaviorism was his solution

26
Q

The Cognitive Revolution

A

-started in the 1950s
-shift from studying only behavior to also studying cognition
-resulted in using observable behavior to make inferences about cognition

27
Q

Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART)

A

-show numbers 0-9 one at a time on a screen
-participant presses space bar for each number except 3
-hard not to press 3 unless you are paying very close attention

28
Q

Phonagnosia

A

inability to recognize voices

29
Q

Perception

A

organizing and interpreting information from the 5 senses

30
Q

Gestalt Law of Good Continuation

A

lines tend to be seen as following the smoothest path

31
Q

Semantic regularities

A

scene perception influenced by what is happening within that scene and what we know about similar scenes

32
Q

Replication

A

when you rerun a prior study to see what you find

33
Q

Optical illusions

A

images or pictures that we perceive differently than they really are

34
Q

Challenges to studying the human mind

A

-We are studying the mind using the human mind (our limitations and biases can block progress)
-Cannot directly see mental processes (black box problem)

35
Q

Hermann Ebbinghaus

A

early memory researcher who tested himself, key findings were the forgetting curve and spacing effect

36
Q

Reasons for irreproducibility

A

-the original is wrong
-the replication is wrong
-both are true

37
Q

Levels of analysis for studying cognition

A

-performance
-brain function
-brain structure
-neurons activated
-chemicals
(doesn’t matter which direction)

38
Q

Principle of neural representation

A

what we experience is based on representations in the brain, not direct contact with the stimulus

39
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

inability to recognize faces

40
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

-place electrodes on participants
-detect and record electrical activity
-very good at detecting the timing of events in the brain

41
Q

Event-related potential (ERP)

A

-EEG + task
-brain’s electrical activity resulting from a specific sensory, cognitive, or motor event

42
Q

Gestalt Law of Simplicity

A

stimulus patterns are perceived so that the structure is as simple as possible

43
Q

Gestalt Law of Similarity

A

similar things appear grouped together

44
Q

Helmholtz Likelihood Principle

A

we make decisions based on similar situations we have encountered in the past

45
Q

Oblique Effect

A

-Regularity of environment
-people can perceive verticals and horizontals more easily than other orientations

46
Q

Scene schema

A

the knowledge of a typical version of a scene, might be influenced by previous experiences

47
Q

Perceptual constancy

A

we have a tendency to see familiar objects as having standard shape, size, color, or location regardless of changes in the angle of perspective, distance or lighting

48
Q

Behaviorism

A

Measures observable behavior and focus studies and interventions on these outcomes only

49
Q

Replication Crisis

A

some have argued for a crisis because so many psychology studies do not replicate

50
Q

The Mind is a Black Box Problem

A

we know what goes in and what comes out but we cannot see these mental processes happen (ex: cannot directly see attention)

PSYC 110 (1 decks)

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