Exam 1 Flashcards
What kind of signaling?
Cell targets itself
Autocrine
What kind of signaling?
Signaling across gap junctions
Juxtacrine
What kind of signaling?
Signal to nearby cell
Paracrine
What kind of signaling?
Signal to distant cell via bloodstream
Endocrine
What kind of receptors for growth/survival mechanisms?
Receptor kinases/phosphatases
Increase osmolarity means what?
higher solute concentration
Systemic dehydration = ________ osmolarity
higher osmolarity
The Gs protein coupled receptor acts via which effector enzyme?
Adenylyl cyclase
The Gi protein coupled receptor acts via which effector enzyme?
Phosphodiesterase
The Gq protein coupled receptor acts via which effector enzyme?
Phospholipase
Which G protein is associated with vasoconstriction?
Gq
Which adrenergic receptor forms IP3 & increases Ca++?
Gq
or
Alpha-1
Glucocorticoids have a(n) ________ effect and inhibit ____________
anti-inflammatory
cyclooxygenase
Which signaling molecule is pro-inflammatory w/ effects r/t anaphylaxis & asthma?
leukotrienes
Which signaling molecules are pro-inflammatory w/ effects r/t acute inflammation?
Prostaglandins
Prostacyclins
Which signaling molecule is pro-inflammatory w/ effects r/t chronic inflammation?
Thromboxanes
The other name for COX 1 & COX 2
Cyclooxygenase
What do NSAIDS inhibit?
Cyclooxygenase
aka
(COX 1/COX2)
Which G protein would increase HR
Gs
What kind of secretion for transudative inflammation?
Thin serous
What kind of inflammation for pus secretion?
Suppurative
Which immunoglobulin crosses the placenta to provide passive immunity to the fetus?
IgG
Most abundant immunoglobulin?
IgG
1st secreted immunoglobulin?
IgM
Anti parasitic and mast cell immunoglobulin?
IgE
Immunoglobulin for type 1 HS reactions?
IgE
Which immunoglobulin increases basophils?
IgD
Which immunoglobulin increases secretions?
IgA
What’s the other name for WBCs?
Leukocytes
The most abundant leukocyte?
Neutrophils (PMNs)
Leukocyte for targeting parasites?
Eosinophils
Leukocyte that plays a role in allergies/mast cells
Basophils
What type of leukocytes are macrophages?
Monocytes
CD__ t-cells and CD__ t-cells are required to form _______ __ ______
CD4
CD8
Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs)
T-cells are found in the _________ of the lymph node
Pericortex
B-cells are found in the _________ of the lymph node
Cortex
What 2 cells kill via apoptosis?
NKTs
CTLs
Which T-cells activate B-cells?
Th-2 cells
This type of hypersensitivity reaction consists of Th-2 cells activating B-cells that release IgE. These IgE bind to FC-receptors on mast cells resulting in mast cell activation and mediator release
Type 1 HS
Autoimmune disorders are typically which type of HS reaction?
Type II HS reactions
This type of HS reaction is characterized by excessive opsonization
Type II HS
This type of HS reaction is results from the formation and deposition of immune complexes (IgG+antigen or IgM+antigen) into blood vessels, skin, glomeruli, etc. that triggers complementation and phagocytosis in that area.
Type III HS
This type of HS relates to issues w/ CD4 and CD8 T-cell activation
Type IV HS
DM type 1
MS
Poison Ivy
PPD skin test
What type of HS reactions?
Type IV HS
Lupus is what type of HS reaction?
Type III
DM type II
Graves disease
MG
What type of HS reaction?
Type II
Anaphylaxis
Environmental allergens
What type of HS reaction?
Type I
High ferritin = _____ iron (Fe) levels
low
What does a positive APP or APR mean?
Positive acute phase protein
or
Positive acute phase reactant
Is ferritin a positive APP?
Yes
What does histamine do to endothelial cells in the capillaries?
Makes them contract = increase capillary permeability
Which cytokine causes increased fibrinogen levels leading to increase coagulation?
IL-6
Which leukocyte is not typically found in chronic inflammation?
Neutrophils (PMNs)
Which 2 leukocytes are primary phagocytes?
Neutrophils & monocytes
Best type of immunity for any EC antigens?
Humoral immunity
Best type of immunity for any IC antigens?
Cellular immunity
What acute phase protein (APP) causes an increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) during inflammation?
Fibrinogen
ESR increased. Does this mean inflammation or no?
Yes
Which Th cells turn into Tregs?
Th0
The _______ is the specific piece of antigen that the antibody binds to
Epitope
Which compliment pathway for parasites?
Alternate pathway
A low molecular weight protein hormone of the immune system
Cytokine
Which cells secrete perforin to induce apoptosis?
CTLs
Which 2 cytokines help terminate inflammation?
IL-10
TGF-beta
During mast cell degranulation, _________ is the primary cytokine released
histamine
When you think mast cell, think ________
histamine
Histamine primarily causes what?
Increased capillary permeability
What immunoglobulin is made in response to a booster vaccine?
IgG
What immunoglobulin is first made to normal vaccines
IgM
What makes a sequela different from a complication?
A sequela is a new problem that is still there after the primary acute problem has been resolved
Loss of growth control (cancer)
Neoplastic
Increase in a number of cells in a organ tissue. Requires DNA synthesis
Hyperplasia
Change of cell types d/t chronic irritation/inflammation
Metaplasia
Deranged cell growth (varied size, shape and appearance). Considered pre-malignant
Dysplasia
Increase in cell/organ size. Doesn’t require DNA synthesis
Hypertrophy
Site of polypeptide synthesis
rER
Site of postranslational polypeptide processing
Golgi
Byproduct of muscle metabolism
NH3 (amines)
2 substances that carry NH3 out of the body to the urea cycle
Alamine
Glutamine
The kidneys can get ride of ____ in the urea cycle
H+
Where does glycolysis occur?
Cytoplasm
T-cells are apart of ________ immunity
cellular
B-cells are apart of ________ immunity
humoral
Leukocytes are made in what?
Red bone marrow
Site of T-cell maturation
Thymus
This type of cell bridges the innate and adaptive immune system
NKTs
Site of b-cell maturation
Bone marrow
MHC-II gets paired w/ what t-cell?
CD4+
When basophils enter tissue, they are called ______ cells
mast cells
Mast cells are coated w/ what immunoglobulin?
IgE
Which leukocyte will primarily be present for acute inflammatory phase?
PMNs (neutrophils)
When monocytes enter tissues, they are called _________
Macrophages
what’s the name for macrophages in the nervous system?
Glial cells
These types of leukocytes are very common in the epithelial tissue
Dendritic cells
Selection process when T-cells are assessed if they can bond to MHC-I/II
Positive selection
Selection process when T-cells are assessed if they have a high affinity for self antigen
Negative selection
If T-cells have high affinity for self antigen, do they make the selection process?
Nope
What type of antibody receptors do B-cells primarily possess?
IgD
What kind of receptors do both B-cells and T-cells have?
Non-RTK (non-receptor tyrazine kinase)
Main transcription factor regarding T/B-cells and inflammatory process?
NFKB
What cytokine aids in the differentiation of T-cells and B-cells?
IL-2
Which cells have a heterodimer type receptor consisting of 2 main molecules?
NKTs
Self antigen is presented on MHC-__
MHC-I
Which motif of the NKT-R will bind to self antigen?
ITIM
Which motif of the NKT-R will bind to pathogen?
ITAM
Where exactly is site of T/B-cell exposure to antigen?
Lymph nodes
Lymph ______ are associated w/ mucosa
Lymph nodules
Tonsils are examples of lymph _______
nodules
What specialized cells are in mucosa to present antigen to T/B-cells
M-cells
Which pulp in the spleen causes erythrolysis of old non-functioning RBCs?
Red pulp
In which pulp in the spleen are the T/B-cells exposed to antigen?
White pulp
The spleen makes what from processing hemoglobin and Fe from the lysis of old RBCs?
Bilirubin
TLR receptors are found on the ________ _________ of ________ cells
Cell membrane of phagocytes
Most abundant antibody in the serum?
IgG
(T/F) antibody is the same thing as immunoglobulin
True
Name the two types of opsonins
Antibodies
Compliment
Anitbodies bind to _____ receptors on the phagocyte
FC-receptors
Compliments on the pathogen bind to ______ receptors on the phagocyte
compliment receptors
The lysosome mainly dose what?
Breaks down stuff (pathogens)
NFKB is a _________ ________ that aids the release of _________
Transcription factor
cytokines
Which cytokine is primarily an anti-viral?
INF-gamma (Interferon gamma)
INF-y (abbreviation)
Which t-cell is good for killing viruses?
CTLs
CTLs secrete what cytokine to kill viruses?
INF-gamma (interferon gamma)
Main cytokine that increases capillary permeability and helps “kickstart” the inflammatory process.
TNF-alpha
Which 2 cytokines are the most potent pro-inflammatories?
TNF-alpha
IL-1
Which cytokine for causing fever?
IL-1
APR cytokine?
IL-6
Which cytokines attract PMNs?
IL-8
What does chemotaxis mean?
Attracts WBCs (PMNs)
Which cytokine activates NKTs and Th1 (CD4+) cells?
IL-12
Which compliment pathway binds to antigen/antibody complexes on the pathogenic cell?
Classic pathway
Which compliment pathway binds to oligosaccharides (sugars)?
MBL pathway
Primary compliment pathway in mucous membranes?
MBL pathway
Which compliment pathway results in random activation of C3 in the serum? Also pathway for parasites.
Alternate pathway
The name for the big pore created by compliments killing pathogens via compliment pathways.
MAC (membrane attack complex)
Which compliment protein forms the MAC?
C5b
The major pro-inflammatory compliment protein?
C3a
Are compliment proteins cytokines?
Yes
Which compliment protein increase opsonization & phagocytosis?
C3b
Which compliment protein helps prevent type III HS reactions?
C3b
C3b helps prevent which type of HS reaction?
Type III
Where does C3b take antigen/antibody complexes to get rid of them?
Spleen
Which 2 compliment protein causes vasodilation/increase vascular permeability?
C5a/C3a
What do APCs use to present antigen on their cell membrane?
MHC
what is the main goal of inflammation?
to recruit/activate more WBCs to promote healing
does the vascular response or cellular response come first in inflammation?
Vascular first, then cellular
TLRs bind directly to the _______ on the pathogen
PAMPs/DAMPs
C3a/C5a activate _____ cells to release their cytokines such as _________, ___________, and __________
Mast cells
Histamine
Prostaglandins
Leukotrienes
Rubor means
Redness
Calor means
Warmness
Dalor means
Pain
Tumour means
swelling/edema
IL-6 goes to the _____ to activate the APR
Liver
WBCs need both _______ and ________ on their surface to adhere to the adhesion molecules and selectin on the endothelial surface of the vasculature
Oligosaccharides
Integrin
Process when the integrins and oligosaccharides on the WBCs and the selections and adhesion molecules on the endothelium of the vasculature are all in a high affinity state allowing them to bond to each other
Margination
Integrins will bind to _______
Adhesion molecules (ICAMs)
Oligosaccharides bind to _______
Selectins
What molecules on the endothelium in the vasculature pull the WBCs in?
Adhesion molecules (VCAM/PECAMs)
Process where WBCs change shape to get pulled into the vasculature by the adhesion molecules
Diapedesis
Fibrinogen is released by the ____
liver
Ferritin reduces ________
Iron (Fe)
If CRP levels are increased, do we have inflammation?
Yes (C-reactive proteins)
Serum amyloid A does what 2 things
chemokine (Attracts PMNs)
increases prostaglandin synthesis
Is serum amyloid A an inflammatory marker?
Yes
What is secreted at the end of inflammatory process to counteract increased fibrinogen?
Alpha 1 - antitrypsin
aka
a1-antitrypsin
DIC is caused by what
Systemic micro coagulations d/t increased cytokine release (IL-6) and increased APR activity releasing a ton of fibrinogen
Growth hormone is released from the ______ gland
Pituitary gland
IGF-1 is made from what hormone?
Growth hormone
What stress hormone is released from IL-1/IL-6/TNF-alpha going to the brain?
ACTH (adreno corticotrophic hormone)
ACTH causes release of _______
Cortisol
Cortisol is a _________
glucocorticoid
What 2 things during inflammation cause gluconeogenesis?
Cortisol
IGF-1
Where does the glucose for gluconeogensis come from in inflammation?
Protein catabolism (leads to muscle waisting)
Fatty acid metabolism (leads to ketoacidosis)
Aldosterone, released in the stress response, causes you to hold on to ____ and get rid of _____
Na
K
Extreme luekopoesis in the bone marrow causes a ______ _______ (where there is a bunch of immature leukocytes and no more mature ones)
Left shift
If there is a problem with diapedesis of WBCs then there is a problem with what molecules
Adhesion molecules
What cells are going to be mainly present during chronic inflammation?
Monocytes
Lymphocytes (T/B-cells)
CD4+ cells only receive antigen when it is presented on ______
MCH-II
A ________ _________ is required along with the MHC-II antigen and CD4+ receptors to activate T-helper cells
Secondary signal
What 2 cytokines differentiate CD4+ cells into Th1 cells?
IL-2
INF-gamma
Treg cells secrete what 2 cytokines?
IL-10
TGF-beta
What cells carry antigen straight to B-cells, bypassing the CD4+ to Th2 route?
FDCs (follicular dendritic cell)
Which immunoglobulin can perform passive immunity?
IgG
Immunoglobulins are apart of the ________ immune system? (very broad answer)
Humoral
Which T-cell is required for the co-stimulation w/ CD8+ cells to make CTLs?
Th1 cells
Which cell can secrete granulysin?
CTLs
In what way do CTLs kill WBCs when inflammation is coming to an end?
By secreting death ligand that induces apoptosis
Which compliment pathway is particularly important in the respiratory tract/mucosa?
MBL pathway
What is a common example of type III HS reaction?
Vasculitis
What WBC for acute infection?
PMNs (Neutrophils)
How do neutrophils kill?
Phagocytosis
What cells do NKTs primarily kill?
Infected host cells
Do NKTs primarily kill bacteria?
No (mainly infected host cells)
How does granulysin work differently than granzymes to induce apoptosis?
They open Ca++ channels and the Ca++ stimulates apoptotic pathways
What 2 WBC types will you primarily see w/ chronic inflammation?
Monocytes
Lymphocytes (T/B-cells)
What 3 main types of receptors do macrophages have on their surface to bind to pathogens?
TLRs (bind directly to PAMPs/DAMPs)
Fc-repetors (binds to antigen/antibody complex)
Compliment receptors (bind to compliment)
Which 2 cytokines go to mainly the brain?
IL-1
TNF-alpha
What does CRP do (other than being a marker of inflammation?)
It acts as an opsonin (like a compliment)
Programmed cell death
Apoptosis
What type of cell death causes inflammation?
Necrosis (think MI w/ necrotic myocardial tissue)
Blood pH is primarily control by ________ feedback
negative
Partuition and lactation are examples of _________ feedback
positive
Most predominant type of feedback for homeostasis?
negative
The purpose of cells are dependent on their ________
structure
Remember all the organelles in a cell have the same ________ _________
cell membrane
What in lysosomes help with phagocytosis?
Lytic enzymes
What makes a cell membrane fluid and flexible?
Cholesterol
Cell membranes are made of a ____________ bilayer
phospholipid
Structural and functional components of cells are made of ________
proteins
These are cytoplasmic extensions that increase surface area for cell absorption
Microvilli
What anchors cilia to cell surface
basal body
Long slender extensions of plasma membrane (also help with movement)
cilia
control movement of DNA strands during cell division
centrioles
site of polypeptide synthesis
Ribosome
What are polypeptides
building blocks of proteins
A site does what
reads the codon
P site does what
builds the polypeptide chain
Ribosomes are bound to what organelle
rER
what does the secondary and tertiary structuring of polypeptides?
rER
What 2 organelles have dual membranes
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Where does the TCA cycle occur
Matrix of mitochondria
Oxidative phosphorylation occurs from what complex
ETC (electron transport chain)
Where are antioxidants found?
Mitochondria
What 2 organelles perform post-translational processing of proteins
rER
Golgi
What organelle processes lipids?
sER
What organelle is responsible re-synthesis damaged membranes?
sER
Cholesterols and hormones made in what organelle?
sER
(T/F) the golgi modifies both proteins and lipids
true
What’s the other name for lytic vesicles?
lysosomes
Where are lysosomes made?
Golgi
Juxtacrine communication occurs through which cellular junctions?
gap junctions
Adipose tissue is what type of tissue?
Connective
Ion move across membranes via _________ transport
facilitated
Water diffusion is considered _________ transport
simple
facilitated diffusion is considered ________ transport
passive
Is simple diffusion linear or does it plateau?
linear
What affects simple diffusion rate?
concentration gradients
surface area
permeability
Which type of diffusion has a rate plateau when carrier proteins get saturated
facilitated diffusion
In facilitated diffusion, is diffusion rate higher when there is less solute concentration or lower concentration?
lower concentration (carrier proteins aren’t overwhelmed)
Movement of solute against concentration gradient
Active transport
Primary active transport requires what?
ATP or GTP
Secondary active transport uses the primary transported molecule’s ___________ ____________ to piggyback a ride
concentration gradient
Lipophilic ligands have receptors in the _______
nucleus
Cholesterols/steroids have receptors in the __________
nucleus
Receptors _________ and _________ a signal
detect/regognize
amplify
Acetylcholine opens ion channels and causes cell __________
depolarization
Most widely used 2nd messenger in cell signaling
cAMP
Does Gs increase PKA effects?
yes
Does Gi increase PKA effects?
no
