EXAM 1 Flashcards
Describe what a cell is
Give examples
What’s it’s basic functions
Cell’s are the smallest living units in our bodies
The three components that make up a cell are the plasma membrane, the cytoplasm and the nucleus
Tissues of the body are defined as?
a clump of cells that perform similar functions
This included epithelial, connective, nervous and muscles tissue
Which structures are made up of fibrocartilage?
What is in the axial region?
The head, neck and and trunk (neck to pelvic area)
What is in the appendicular region?
The limbs, its what sticks out
Describe intermediate
Your collarbone is intermediate to your breastbone and shoulder
Describe proximal
Your elbow is proximal to your wrist
Means your elbow is above your wrist
Describe distal
Your knee is distal to your thigh
Means your knee is below your thigh
What is your frontal plane
What is your medial plane
What is your transverse plane
Your frontal plane separates your anterior and posterior side
Your medial plane separates your left and right
Your transverse place separates the top and bottom
what are the different body cavities and which organs are present?
Dorsal Body Cavity
- Cranial cavity = contains the brain
- vertebral cavity = contains the spine
Ventral Body Cavity
-thoracic cavity = contains 3 parts
- two lateral sides, each containing a lung
- one mediastinum, contains the heart
- abdominopelvic cavity = contains 2 parts
- abdominal cavity, contains liver, stomach, intestines kidneys and others
- pelvic cavity, contains the bladder, rectum and some reproductive organs
what are ventral cavities an what lines them?
Ventral cavities are serous cavities that are lined by serous membranes
What are some serous membranes
mesothelium ( lines the middle of cavities)
Parietal serosa (the outer wall that lines the pericardium, the heart)
Visceral serosa (the wall that covers the pericardium, the heart)
What is a pluripotent cell?
A stem cell that comes directly from a somatic cell (inherited chromosome)
What is the difference between a undifferentiated cell and a differentiated cell?
Undifferentiated cell is a stem cell, which can be used for many purposes
Differentiated cell is a specialized cell that has a specific function, this occurs why an alternated gen is expressed in response it the environment
What steps do you take to prepare a tissue for viewing under a microscope?
First you have to preserve the sample, based on what microscope you will you decides that chemicals used.
- formaldehyde is used for light microscopy
- Glutaraldehyde
- Paraformaldehyde
- Osmium tetroxide all are used for electron microscopy
Second, you slice the sample into thin portions
- one sample for each body plane
Third, you stain the sample to see the different anatomical structures
How does an X-ray work?
it uses short waves and a negative image
How does a CT/CAT scan work?
It uses the same technique as an X-ray, but takes 12 X-rays and pieces them together to form an image
How does PET scan work?
Uses radioactive isotopes, forms a thermo image
How does an MRI work?
Produces high quality waves to get a clear image of tissues
Uses radiowaves
How does Ultrasound imaging work?
Uses high frequency sound waves that echo off the body
What composes the plasma membrane?
A phospholipid bi layer of carbs, proteins and cholesterol
How do large molecules get into the plasma membrane since its selectively permeable
Through Endocytosis and Exocytosis
What is endocytosis?
Its how larger molecules get into the plasma membrane
What are the three ways endocytosis is carried out?
Phagocytosis - the entire solid large particle is eaten
Pinocytosis - the smaller particles are eating
Receptor mediated endocytosis - used specific molecules
what is exocytosis?
It does the maintenance, helps clean out the particles in the cell
The reverse of endocytosis
the substance is enclosed in a vesicle, then gets migrated to the plasma membrane, there protein vesicles (v-SNARES) bind with the membrane proteins (t-SNARES), then exits the particles
What does the Golgi do?
Sorts out the proteins coming from the ER
Sends them off the secretory vesicles in the plasma membrane OR Lysosomes/Peroxisomes OR is secreted by exocytosis
How is the matrix of the mitochondria folded?
Into cristae
What is the fixed ribosome?
Its attached to the rough ER to secrete protiens
What is the free ribosome?
Its where the non-secreted proteins go, seen in the cytosol
What makes up the cytoskeleton?
Microfilaments (smallest protein structure, they are tight coils made on actin) Microtubules (largest hollow proteins that contain tubulin)
Intermediate filaments (licorice shaped)
What are centrioles?
They assist in cillia and come in pairs of 9 triplets to make 27
They are the basal body
What is the Chromatin made of?
Histone proteins and DNA
Describe the epithelial tissue
Its the covering / lining of a hollow organ or body cavity
What is the basal lamina?
its a non-supportive sheet between the connective tissue and epithelial tissue,
What are the three cell junctions?
Gap junctions - connected the cells through a canal
Tight junctions - a tight interlocked area with no space, like a lock and key
Desmosomes - create a chain like connection, connections through plaque (spider legs)
What does endothelium line?
The heart and blood vessels
What does the mesothelium line?
