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Introductory Sociology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Attribution

A

refers to how you locate (or attribute) the cause of a particular behavior

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2
Q

Dispositional Attribution

A

attributions of someone’s behavior to individual-level decisions (often made to strangers)

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3
Q

Situational Attribution

A

attributions of someone’s behavior to factors outside and beyond the individual (often made to ourselves/friends)

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4
Q

Sociology

A

the systematic study of the human relationship between individuals and society

questions the issue of CHOICE and emphasize the role of SOCIAL FORCES

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5
Q

The focus of sociology is on both:

A

micro-level: individuals
macro-level: institutions

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6
Q

Which gender is more likely to commit suicide?

A

Males are more likely to commit suicide.

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7
Q

Women’s rates of suicide peak at ages 45-54 and then decrease for the remainder of their life expectancy. Why could that be?

A
  • menopause
  • social role of mother has passed
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8
Q

Men’s rates of suicide steadily increase with never peaking at a specific age, but consistently increases from ages 10-14 to 65+. Why could that be?

A
  • life purpose didn’t pan out
  • social circle at a loss
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9
Q

What ethnicity had the highest rates of suicide?

A

For both male (33.6) and female (11.0) American Indian/Alaskan Native Non-Hispanics have the highest rates of suicide as opposed to American Indian/Alaskan Native Hispanics with the lowest rates of suicide.

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10
Q

Émile Durkheim

A

a “founding father” of modern sociology

classified types of suicide

all types concern change in social life rather than individual psychology

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11
Q

Fatalistic (hopeless) Suicide

A

suicide that occurs because of harsh life conditions that an individual feels will never improve

example: an individual with a life sentence to prison

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12
Q

Anomic (normlessness) Suicide

A

suicide that occurs because of a sudden disruption of norms and order in one’s everyday life

example: natural disaster, war, economic changes, global pandemic

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13
Q

Egoistic (weak connections) Suicide

A

suicide occurs when group, family, or community ties are weak or de-emphasized

social bonds go down then suicides go up

example: suicide in sparsely populated areas

example: male specific - they retire and lose all “friend” connections with coworkers

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14
Q

Altruistic (strong connections) Suicide

A

suicide that occurs when an individual’s ties to a group are too strong

example: military brotherhood one man sacrifices his own life for the benefit of others in the troop

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15
Q

Key Point: Durkheim

A

Durkheim’s classical studies of suicide illustrate how very personal decisions (to take one’s life) can be influenced by social forces much larger than the individual

key focus of sociology - how social forces shape individual lives

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16
Q

Nature

A

“we are who we are because we’re born that way”

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17
Q

Nurture

A

“we are who we are because of the way we were treated while frowning up”

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18
Q

Socialization

A

the process by which members of society learn what is expected of them and what they can expect from others
- roles, responsibilities, and obligations

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19
Q

Roles

A

“a set of rights, obligations, behaviors, and duties that people occupying a certain position are encouraged to perform”

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20
Q

Role Strain Stress

A

from having to fulfill single role

example: strained in the role as a student having to complete a full course load of work

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21
Q

Role Conflict

A

from having more than one role that are coming into conflict

example: a woman as a caregiving mother and remote worker coming into conflict as she attempts to cook dinner for her family and finish work emails

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22
Q

Status

A

“position that individuals within society occupy”

two types: ascribed and achieved

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23
Q

Ascribed Status

A

assigned to someone

example: sex, race

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24
Q

Achieved Status

A

acquired by someone

example: convicted felon, sports captain, college graduate

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25
Q

Agents of Socialization

A

we are socialized into and by key groups and institutions studied by sociologists

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26
Q

Social Class

A

“one’s economic position in the stratification system, especially one’s occupation, which strongly determines and reflects one’s income and wealth”

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27
Q

Race

A

“a symbolic category based on phenotype and ancestry and constructed according to specific social and historical contexts, that is miser of mixed as a natural category”

race is a socially constructed concept not a biological component

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28
Q

Ethnicity

A

“shared meanings” that are produced and reproduced in interaction with groups”

example: shared diet, fashion, language, rituals, religions

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29
Q

Sexuality

A

concern sexual orientation, expression, and behavior

sexuality is experienced as a spectrum

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30
Q

Sex

A

“the process occurring at birth or even prenatal yet by which people are identified as male or female”

31
Q

Gender

A

the social expectations associated with being male or female in society

often justified in terms of alleged biological differences

messner study: how kids learn gender

32
Q

Messner Study

A

children being separated into boys (sea monsters) and girls (barbie girls) team

cultural level: symbols of team names

structural level: male coaches viewed as foundation of sport
“soccer moms” not viewed as critical despite putting in more for the team

interactional level: boy wasn’t seen as boyish enough

33
Q

Social Influence

A

the impact of other people and institutions on our behavior

influence affects how we make decisions, how we feel, how we perform

34
Q

Development of the Self

A

looking-glass self (Cooley 1902)

we use other people’s reactions
toward us as looking glasses (mirrors) in which we see ourselves and determine our self-worth

also known as double-consciousness

35
Q

Experiment Terminology

A

subject: individual participating in the study

confederate: individual who is part of the study research team (unknown to subject)

36
Q

Asch Conformity Experiment

A

a majority of the people will conform to the rest of the group publicly despite obviously wrong answer just to not depart from the popular consensus but if asked to write it down they will write the right answer

37
Q

Milgram Experiment

A

classical social psychology experiment designed to test the role of social influence and authority

individual:
- learner’s (confederate): someone who is supposed to memorize a list of words
- teacher (subject): someone who tests the learner

set up:
- shock machine: 30 different levels 15v increments
- if learner misses a question, teacher must shock the learner

38
Q

Feedback from Learner

A
  • 75v grunt
  • 120v loud complaint
  • 150v refers to heart condition
    demands to be released
  • 285v agonizing scream
    silence
39
Q

Conducting Experiement

A

if the teacher (subject) doesn’t want to shock the learner, an authority figure states that they should continue

if the teacher refuses 4x, they are labeled as a defiant subject and the voltage is recorded

40
Q

Results

A

no defiance until 150v, but only 6/40 disobeyed at this point

65% of participants in a group of 40 went all the way to 450v

when the experiment was run with women there was a similar result of 65%

other countries had similar findings about 2/3 went to the highest voltage

41
Q

Key Points

A

social influence is a strong force in society, especially when:

  • the authority is legit
  • the victim is remote
  • the task is escalating
42
Q

Eugenics Movement

A

based on social darwinism:

a philosophy and “progressive” movement seeking the improvement of society through the elevation of “fit” members and the elimination of “unfit” members

43
Q

Proposals to “Improve” Population

A

“positive” eugenics
- encourage for to reproduce
• pure sire method: temporarily
allows polygamy grants one for
fit to reproduce with multiple
fit females

“negative” eugenics
- eliminate the unfit
• limit migration
• euthanasia
• sterilization

44
Q

Buck v. Bell

A

Supreme Court permitted forced sterilization of those deemed “feeble-minded” as public health measure

  • “three generations of imbeciles is enough” (Carry Buck case)
  • foundation for the 1st Nazi sterilization law in 1933
45
Q

Effects of Sterilization

A

class: working class
age: reproductive age
race: varied by region

46
Q

Research Ethics Codes

A

Nuremberg Report (1947)
- “voluntary, well informed consent of human subject”
- no unnecessary physical or mental suffering

Belmont Report (1997)
- respect for persons (autonomy)
- beneficence (benefits)
- justice

47
Q

Empirically-Based Social Science

A

based on “assumption that answers to questions about human behavior can be ascertained through controlled, systematic observations in the real world”

contrasted with individual observations

48
Q

Samples & Populations

A

population- the community under study

sample - a selection of individuals from the community under study

representative - the degree to which the characteristics of the sample reflect those of the population

49
Q

Quantitative

A

numeric information about social life

example: likert scale survey data

50
Q

Qualitative

A

nonnumeric information about social life

example: interviews, historical analysis

51
Q

Types of Methods

A
  • experiments
  • surveys
  • longitudinal studies
  • content analysis
  • participant observation
    (ethnography)
  • in-depth interviews
  • focus group
52
Q

Obtrusive & Unobtrusive Research

A

obtrusive: directly observe people’s lives and seek their perspective (via interview)

unobtrusive: observe materials that people leave behind (existing data like documents)

introduces the question of reactivity bias

53
Q

Types of Variables

A

hypothesis: a prediction about the relationship between 2 variables

variables: “any characteristic, attitude, behavior, or event that can take in 2+ values or attributes (can vary)

54
Q

What is the relationship between gender and life expectancy?

A

gender has an effect on life expectancy

if you’re a woman, you’re more likely to live longer than if you are a man

this is an example of a relationship but one in which causality cannot be determined only by gender

55
Q

Spurious Relationship

A

a case in which 2 variables may not be related but seem to be associated with one another because of the presence of a 3rd variable

ice cream sales ~> crime rate
- when ice cream saws increase, the crime rate increases
- 3rd variable present: warmer weather both increases desire for ice cream and the summer gives ample opportunity for school aged children to commit crime

56
Q

Describing Data

A

probability: the likelihood of a given outcome

disparity: difference between groups

disproportionality: difference between outcome and proportion of population
- over/underrepresented

57
Q

Joel Best

A

naïve, cynical, and critical approaches

assumes statistics are proportionate to society and doesn’t account for all situations

we see a number, numbers are real and authoritative and see that as credible

we need to question statistics and not take them for as they are

cynical says statistics should never be trusted people are always lying don’t like the ones that don’t correspond to their worldview

critical is what we should all be:
- healthy doubt/skepticism
• definitions (operational
definition) what is happiness?
• how are they measuring/
sampling what they’re studying
who are they asking if they’re
happy?
• who paid for the resources?
who’s funding the study giving
us these statistics?
- we see their value but also register their limitations

58
Q

Theory/Theoretical Approach

A

theory: “set of statements or propositions that seeks to explain…particular aspects of social life”

  • can be narrow or broad in focus
  • like glasses or a lens t draw our attention to aspects of social life
  • not predictions
59
Q

Symbolic Interactionism

A

key argument: meaning is produced and reproduced through social interaction between individuals (micro)

when teacher asks a question and student raises hand interaction reinforces the idea of educators being superior and student being inferior

dramaturgy - life is a stage
we are all actors trying to manage impressions

reinforced by normals

example: embarrassment highlights when things go wrong with interactions

60
Q

Conflict Perspective

A

key argument: the various institutions in society promote inequality and conflict among groups in society (macro)

example: the economy as an institution
- thrives in inequality
- bourgeoise: upper class
(properties)
- proletariat: working class
(laborers)

61
Q

Structural Functionalism

A

social institutions are structured to maintain stability and order in society (macro)

manifest function
latent function

example: we all benefit from college degrees even if we don’t personally uphold one

62
Q

Manifest Function

A

intended, obvious consequences of activities that contribute to maintenance of a social system

example: university as an institution intended function mission statement to educate that contributes to society

63
Q

Latent Function

A

unintended, often unrecognized, consequences of actions that help a social system

example: university as an institution unintended function learning responsibility of being an adult taking care of self that benefits the community you take part in
example: career after graduation

64
Q

Durkheim’s Definition

A

Punishment is “a passionate reaction, graduated in intensity, which society exerts through the mediation of an organized body over those of its members who have violated certain rules of conduct”

65
Q

Passionate Reaction

A

Durkheim argues that emotion, especially vengeance, was a key component historically in punishment

vengeance - “destroy [what] was a threat to us”
- reciprocal process of violence

66
Q

Society Exerts

A

social level punishment

“if it is society alone which exercises repressions, it is because it is harmed even when the harm is done to individuals, and it is the attack upon society which is repressed by punishment”

67
Q

Organized Body

A

court of law

court represents the organization of a given society ms reaction to a violation

the reaction of society is, therefore, organized and not diffuse

68
Q

Violated Rules

A

a violation occurs when common consciousness is threatened

penal law - origins of religious laws

rights of community over rights of individuals

69
Q

Key Points

A

punishment “continues to play useful role but that is not the one ordinarily perceived”

manifest function of punishment is to punish the person who violated the conduct

latent function of punishment is more important according to Durkheim to reinforce societal values “common consciousness”

punishment is above all intended to have its effect on honest people

70
Q

Paradox: Crime is Normal

A

community of saints

  • even if we were to get rid of all the cruelest offenses we would redefine lighter offenses as particularly cruel

example: making wrinkles in your clothing a crime

71
Q

Sociological Imagination

A

the ability to see the details of our own lives on the context of larger social structures as opposed to merely personal choices or personal troubles

72
Q

Independent Variable

A

race, gender, class

73
Q

Dependent Variable

A

educational outcomes, life expectancy

Introductory Sociology (1 decks)

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