Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

psych 101 > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Physics 101 flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

branch of biology that studies the functions and parts of living organisms

A

physiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

view that certain kinds of knowledge are innate or inborn

A

nativism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

nativist who believed that certain kinds of knowledge are innate

A

Plato

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

view that all knowledge is acquired through experience

A

philosophical empiricism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

believed that the mind is a blank slate (tabula rasa)

A

aristotle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

today, the focus on interaction of environment and genetics

A

nature vs nurture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

french philosopher who argued for dualism of body and mind (physical body was a container for the nonphysical thing called the mind)

A

Rene Descartes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

argued against Descartes; said the mind is what the brain does

A

Thomas Hobbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

mind and body connection understood by studying sensation; one of the founders of physiological psychology

A

Fechner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

who studied human reaction time; estimated the length of nerve impulse

A

Hermann von Helmholtz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

founder of psychology, first psychology lab, psychology: the study of consciousness and the science of “mental life”, focused on the study of the purpose of thought processes, feelings and behaviors, and introspection

A

wilhelm wundt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

subjective observation of one’s own experience

A

introspection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

student of wundt, professor at Cornell, developed an approach called structuralism, focused on basic sensory and perceptual processes, criticized for relying on introspection-subjective

A

edward titchener

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

involving introspection and studying basic components of conscious experiences (Titchener)

A

structuralism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

started psychology at Harvard in 1870s, opposed Wundt and Titchener’s approach, his ideas shaped functionalism, influenced by Darwin, saw the consciousness as an ever changing stream of thoughts to help us adapt

A

William James

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

the importance of how behavior and consciousness functions to allow people and animals to adapt to their environments

A

functionalism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

austrian physicist, challenge to structuralism and functionalism, started the school of thought of psychoanalysis, behavior and personality influenced by unconscious conflicts, emphasized sexual and aggressive nature of unconscious processes, powerful influence on later psychology theories

A

sigmund freud

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

personality theory and form of psychotherapy that emphasizes the role of unconscious factors in personality and behavior

A

psychoanalysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

school of psychology and theoretical viewpoint that emphasizes the study of observable behaviors, especially as they pertain to the process of learning

A

behaviorism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

behaviorism started with the work of him, a russian physiologist, demonstrated that dogs could learn to associate a neutral stimulus with an automatic behavior

A

ivan pavlov

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

promoted behaviorism in the U.S in 1913, the goal of behaviorists was to discover the fundamental principles of learning–how behavior is acquired and modified in response to environmental influences

A

john watson

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

believed that psychology should restrict itself to studying outwardly observable behaviors that could be measured and verified in compelling experimental demonstrations (used rats and pigeons as his subjects)

A

B.F Skinner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

emphasizes each person’s unique potential for psychological growth and self-direction

A

humanistic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

founded humanistic approach, emphasized a person’s conscious experiences, unique potential for psychological growth and self-direction, self-determination, free will, and the importance of choice in human behavior

A

carl rogers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

his theory of motivation emphasized the importance of psychological growth (humanistic)

A

abraham maslow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

behavior is driven by cognitive processes

A

cognitive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

humans have evolved characteristics that promote survival and adaptation to the environment

A

evolutionary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

behavior and mental processes arise from physiological ativity

A

biological

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

other people, as well as the broader cultural context, influence behavior and mental processes

A

sociocultural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

behavior and mental processes are shaped by an interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors

A

biopsychosocial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

verifiable evidence that is based upon objective observation, measurement, and/or experimentation

A

empirical evidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

tentative statement about the relationship between two+ variables; testable prediction or question

A

hypothesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

factor that can vary or chance, in ways that can be observed, measured, and verified.

A

variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

precise description of how variables in a study will be manipulated or measured

A

operational definition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

a branch of mathematics used by researchers to organize, summarize, and interpret data

A

statistics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

statistical technique that involves combining and analyzing the results of many research studies on a specific topic in order to identify overall trends.

A

meta-analysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

tentative explanation that tries to integrate and account for the relationship of various findings and observations

A

theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

scientific procedures that involve systematically observing behavior in order to describe the relationship among behaviors and events

A

descriptive research methods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

research strategy that allows the precise calculation of how strongly related two factors are to each other

A

correlational study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

numerical indication of magnitude and direction of the relationships between two variables

A

correlational coefficient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

a factor or variable other than the ones being studied that if not controlled could affect the outcome of an experiment (also called a confounding variable)

A

extraneous variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

a source of bias : change in dependent variable produced by subject’s expectancy that change should happen

A

expectancy effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

source of bias: subtle cues or signals by the researcher that communicate the type of responses that are expected

A

demand characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

measures of position: where particular data values fall in relation to other values in a set

A

percentiles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

the probability that the findings of a study were due to chance

A

statistical significance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

brain imaging: detects increased blood by increased utilization of radioglucose. provide color coded images of brains activity. red and yellow are high levels of activity, green and blue indicate lower levels of brain activity

A

Positron Emission Tomography (PET scan)

47
Q

brain imaging: analyzes molecular response of nervous tissue to magnetic fields

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

48
Q

bring input to the brain; light or sound, smell, taste, skin senses, information from internal organs. communicate info FROM the environment TO the CNS

A

sensory neurons

49
Q

communicate info to the muscles and glands of the body. communicate info FROM the CNS TO the muscles

A

motor neurons

50
Q

communicate info between neurons. by far most of the neurons in the human nervous system are these

A

interneurons

51
Q

processes nutrients and provides energy for the neuron; contains cell’s nucleus; also called the soma. contains DNA chromosomes

A

cell body

52
Q

multiple short fiber that extend from the neuron’s cell body and receive info from other neurons or from sensory receptor cells

A

dendrites

53
Q

the junction between axon terminals and dendrites

A

the synapse

54
Q

the long, fluid-filled tube that carries a neuron’s messages to other body areas. one per cell branches at end to connect to other cells, these terminals are at the tips of it’s branches

A

axon

55
Q

insulating layer of fatty material composed of glial cells

A

myelin sheath

56
Q

type of glial cell: provides connections between neurons and blood vessels; involved in brain development and communication among neurons

A

astrocytes

57
Q

type of glial cell: remove waste products from the nervous system

A

microglia

58
Q

type of glial cells: form the myelin sheath

A

oligodendrocytes, schwann cells

59
Q

presence of positive sodium ions outside of the cell (Na+) and negative proteins inside the cell (P-) -70 millivolts inside the cell/ Potassium ions also found inside the cell (K+). negatively charged inside, positively charged outside

A

resting potential

60
Q

neurotransmitter release across the synapse from another neuron activates receptor sites (sodium channels). when it reaches stimulus threshold (-55 MV) it triggers depolarization and Na+ ions rush in, making the cell more positive. if sufficient sodium enters the cell, threshold level is reached. has a peak of (+30-+40 mV)

A

spike or action potential

61
Q

sodium channels close and potassium channels open. potassium ions leave the cell

A

repolarizing

62
Q

portion of the cell is hyperpolarized and has a negative charge of -90 MV, K+ enters the cell and the neuron begins establishing resting potential

A

refractory period

63
Q

when an action potential reaches the axon terminal___ ____ open up causing the synaptic vesicles to release the neurotransmitters

A

calcium channels

64
Q

some neurotransmitters are destroyed by enzymes others are returned to the presynaptic cell and recycled through the process of ___

A

reuptake

65
Q

some neurotransmitters are deactivated and destroyed in the synapse by ___

A

enzymes

66
Q

some NT are reabsorbed through ___ in the pre-synaptic cell

A

amine pumps

67
Q

NT are carried to amine pumps by ___ ___

A

transporter proteins

68
Q

important NT: learning, memory, muscle contractions; associated with Alzheimer’s

A

acetylcholine

69
Q

important NT: movement, thought process, rewarding sensations; associated with Parkinson’s, schizophrenia, and drug addiction

A

dopamine

70
Q

important NT: emotional states, sleep, sensory perception; associated with depression

A

serotonin

71
Q

important NT: physical arousal, learning, memory, regulation of sleep; associated with depression and stress

A

norepinephrine

72
Q

important NT: excitatory messages; associated with seizures and alzheimer’s

A

glutamate

73
Q

important NT: pain perception, positive emotions; associated with opioid addiction

A

endorphins

74
Q

involved in attachment and romantic love, high levels after birth of a child, associated with empathy, found in higher levels in women, promotes monogamy

A

oxytocin

75
Q

poorly fit the receptor and block the transmitter

A

antagonists

76
Q

fit receptor well and act like the transmitter

A

agonists

77
Q

communicate info from one part of the body to another by secreting messenger chemicals called hormones into the bloodstream

A

endocrine system

78
Q

produces melatonin, helps regulate sleep-wake cycles

A

pineal gland

79
Q

brain structure that controls the pituitary gland; links NS and endocrine system

A

hypothalamus

80
Q

regulates activities of several other glands, produces growth hormone, prolactin, and ocytocin

A

pituitary gland

81
Q

controls body metabolism rate

A

thyroid gland

82
Q

produce epinephrine, norepinephrine, which cause physical arousal in response to danger, fear, stress, and other strong emotions

A

adrenal glands

83
Q

regulates blood sugar and insulin levels; involved in hunger

A

pancreas

84
Q

secrete estrogen and progesterone, which regulated feminine sexual development and reproduction and influence sexual behavior

A

ovaries

85
Q

secrete testosterone, which regulates male sexual development and reproduction and influences sexual behavior

A

testes

86
Q

the ability to change function and structure

A

neuroplasticity

87
Q

brain’s ability to shift functions from damaged to undamaged brain areas

A

functional plasticity

88
Q

ability to physically change its structure in response to learning, active practice, or environmental simulation

A

strucutural plasticity

89
Q

the development of new neurons

A

neurogenesis

90
Q

major pathways from the left side of body across over to the right side of the brain and vice versa

A

contralateral control

91
Q

uppermost and largest brain region: contains cerebral cortex

A

forebrain

92
Q

contains structures involved in processing visual and auditory info

A

midbrain

93
Q

region at the base of brain that connects the brain to the spinal cord

A

hindbrain

94
Q

(in hindbrain) controls autonomic functions like breathing, heart rate, blood, controls swallowing, coughing, vomiting, and sneezing

A

medulla

95
Q

(part of hindbrain) connects medulla to the two sides of the cerebellum, helps coordinate and integrate movements and maintain balance

A

pons

96
Q

(part of hindbrain) responsible for muscle coordination and maintaining posture and equilibrium, coordinates rapid voluntary movement, responsible for motor memory.

A

cerebellum

97
Q

(in hindbrain) network of nerve fibers in center of medulla that help regulate sleep, attention, and arousal

A

reticular formation

98
Q

receives info from touch receptors in different parts of the body

A

somatosensory cortex

99
Q

processes somatosensory info, including touch, temp, pressure, and info from receptors in the muscles and joints

A

parietal lobe

100
Q

peanut-sized forebrain structure. considerable control over secretion of endocrine hormones by influencing pituitary gland. plays key role in regulating sleep-wake cycles and other rhythms in the body

A

hypothlamus

101
Q

regulates levels of awareness, attention, motivation, and emotional aspects of sensations

A

thalamus

102
Q

an almond-shaped clump of neuron cell bodies at the base of the temporal lobe

A

amygdala

103
Q

curved forebrain structure

A

hippocampus

104
Q

a partial or complete inability to articulate ideas or understand written language because of brain injury or damage

A

aphasia

105
Q

area of brain that when damages can comprehend but not produce language

A

Broca’s area (expressive aphasia)

106
Q

when damaged affected spoken and written communication

A

Wernicke’s area (receptive aphasia)

107
Q

reading and integrating what we see with what we hear

A

angular gyrus

108
Q

superior in language abilities, speech, reading, and writing. words and letters, language and sounds, verbal memory, speech, grammar rules, reading and writing and arithmetic

A

left hemisphere

109
Q

involved in nonverbal emotion expression and visual-spatial tasks. geometric patterns, faces, emotional expression, nonlanguage sounds, music, nonverbal memory, emotional tone of speech, geometry, sense direction, distance, mental rotation of shapes

A

right hemispheres

110
Q

contains three thin layers that envelop and protect brain and spinal cord

A

meninges

111
Q

organized information among the other lobes of the brain; responsible for higher-level cognitive functions like thinking perception and control

A

frontal lobes

112
Q

processes visual info and help us see

A

occipital lobes

113
Q

receive and process sensory info; orient the body in space

A

parietal lobes

114
Q

plays a key role in hearing, language comprehension, and memory; process auditory stimuli; recognize visual objects

A

temporal lobes

psych 101 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions