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Child Development > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Developmental Science

A

-An interdisciplinary field of study that focuses on the changes (growth) that children undergo from conception onward (to death).

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2
Q

What are the two goals for developmental science?

A
  1. To understand the basic biological and cultural processes that account for the complexities of development
  2. To facilitate children’s health and well being
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3
Q

What are the four domains of development?

A
  1. Physical (height, weight)
  2. Cognitive (math problems)
  3. Social (making friends)
  4. Emotional (expressing joy)
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4
Q

The Source of Development

A

Nature (genetics) vs. nurture (environment)

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5
Q

Plasticity

A

The degree to which, and the conditions under which development is open to change and intervention

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6
Q

Sensitive Period

A

A time in an organism’s life development where when a particular experience has an especially profound effect EX: language development

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7
Q

Critical Period

A

A period during which specific biological or environmental events are required for normal development to occur EX: imprinting

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8
Q

Continuity / Discontinuity

A

To what extent does development consist of gradual accumulation of small changes and abrupt transformations
C: quantitative change; small gradual
D: qualitative change; abrupt radical

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9
Q

Individual Differences

A

Genetic and environmental factors

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10
Q

What are the three components of personality?

A

Id: pleasure principle
Ego: balance between id & superego
Superego: moral principle

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11
Q

What is the main idea of psychodynamic theory? (Sigmund Freud)

A

-Human development is driven solely by SEXUAL DRIVE
-Our adulthood behavior is directly related to our childhood experiences (TRAUMATIC EXPERIENCES)

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12
Q

What is the main idea of behaviorism? (John Watson)

A

-Human development is impacted by our environmental factors
-Can change future by providing DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS
-REWARDS & PUNISHMENT influence behavior

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13
Q

What is the main idea of Piaget’s 4 stage theory?

A
  1. Sensorimotor: birth to 2 (5 senses)
  2. Pre-operational: 2 to 6/7 (symbols & gestures)
  3. Concrete Operational: 6/7 to 11/12 (combine & separate)
  4. Formal Operational: 11/12 to adulthood (thinking systematically)
    “Children are little scientists”
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14
Q

Assimilation

A

To understand new information using existing schema
EX: understanding dogs

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15
Q

Accommodation

A

To change/create a new schema to understand new information
EX: calls a cow a dog -> learns that it’s a cow (new schema) -> now calls the cow a cow

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16
Q

What is the main idea of Vygotsky’s theory?

A

Sociocultural perspective theory: parents, caregivers, other children help the child construct meaning in their world; social interaction is crucial

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17
Q

Scaffolding

A

Help/assistance with children

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18
Q

ZPD (Zone of Proximal Development)

A

The range that children cannot accomplish something on their own, but they can with the help of an adult

19
Q

What are the similarities & differences between Piaget’s & Vygotsky’s theories?

A

Similarities: both are constructive and propose that children actively construct knowledge
Differences: Piaget believes children construct knowledge on their own, Vygotsky believes children construct knowledge through social interaction

20
Q

Material & Symbolic tools

A

Material: concrete, manufactured stuff we can observe
Symbolic: abstract, ideology, special expectations

21
Q

Social Enhancement

A

Learning to use cultural resources, in which resources are used simply because others’ activities made them available in the immediate environment

22
Q

Imitation

A

Observing % copying the behaviors of others

23
Q

Explicit Instruction

A

Purposefully taught to use the resources of their culture

24
Q

What is special about human imitation?

A

Only humans can over-imitate (copy redundant information)

25
Symbolic Communication
Using symbols to communicate - LANGUAGE
26
Bobo Doll Experiment (Albert Bandura)
When children are exposed to aggressive behavior, they typically become more aggressive VERY FAST
27
Meltzoff & Colleagues
By 14 months of age, children become very good at imitating actions
28
TV Violence & Child Development
-Makes children MORE fearful -Makes them LESS sensitive to pain & violence -Makes them behave MORE aggressively/violently
29
Genotype
Genetic material an individual inherits CANNOT CHANGE
30
Phenotype
Observable, including body characteristics & behavior
31
Identical Twins: Monozygotic Twins
-A single fertilized egg divided and developing into two separate individuals -Identical genetic material -Potentially the same physical and psychological makeup
32
Kinship Study
Family Study: to evaluate the similarities & differences between family members Adoption Study: examining the similarities & differences between adopted children, their biological parents, & adopted parents Twin Study: examining twins - identical twins growing up in 2 different families
33
Mutation
An error in the process of gene replication that results in a change in the molecular structure of the DNA
34
Down Syndrome
A chromosomal abnormality, related to genes -A genetic error -Chance of children having downs INCREASES with mother's age -Their cognitive development is DEPENDENT upon their severity of symptoms & environment
35
Autism
-Impairs social % emotional development -Children with autism have difficulty with communication, social interaction, & repetitive behavior -Reason -> UNKNOWN
36
3 Periods of Prenatal Development
1. Germinal Period (conception-2 weeks) 2. Embryonic Period (2-8 weeks) 3. Fetal Period (9 weeks to birth)
37
The Apgar Test
To examine a newborn infant -Appearance (color) -Pulse (heart rate) -Grimace (reflex responsively) -Activity (muscle tone) -Respiration effort
38
The Fetus Sensory Ability
-The first sense to develop is TOUCH -Most effective way to form social relationships
39
Age of Viability
Ability to breathe independently (7 months/15 weeks)
40
Fetuses presented with light
When provided with a torch, INCREASES baby's heart rate & will have emotion responding to the torch
41
24-32 weeks
Inactive period (development of higher-level (cognitive) neural pathways)
42
DeCasper & Spence's Study (1986)
-Listened to mothers reading Cat in the Hat -Tested behavior with a pacifier -> sucking rate of baby -When listening to the passage, some increased, some decreased
43
Buss, Davis, Muftuler, Head, & Sandman (2010)
-Mothers anxiety level during pregnancy can predict children's brain development 6-9 years later -ESPECIALLY THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX

Child Development (1 decks)

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