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Intro to psych > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Who opened the institute for experimental psychology in 1879?

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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2
Q

Who separated psychology from philosophy by analyzing the workings of the mind in a more structured way?

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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3
Q

Structuralism

A

Aimed to look at the structure of the mind

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4
Q

Introspection (tietchener)

A

Examination or observation of ones own mental and emotional processes

Failed because a persons emotions change everyday

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5
Q

Functionalism (james)

A

Influence of Darwin’s evolution by natural selection

James studied down to earth emotions,memories,willpower, habits and moment to moment streams of consciousness

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6
Q

Behaviorism (Watson,skinner)

A

“Observable behavior only”

Little Albert - conditioning a phobia in an emotionally stable child

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7
Q

Psychoanalysis (Freud )

A

Emphasizes the ways our unconscious thought processes and emotional responses to childhood experiences affect our behavior

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8
Q

Humanistic psychology (carl rogers and Abraham)

A

Focused on how current environmental influences can nature or limit growth potential and to the importance of having our needs for love and acceptance satisfied

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9
Q

Cognitive psychology

A

How we perceive, process, and remember information

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10
Q

Basic research

A

Trying to understand something out of pure curiosity

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11
Q

Applied research

A

Studies that are trying to solve a particular question

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12
Q

Nature-nuture

A

Nature : influenced by genetic inheritance and other biological factors

Nurture: is the influence of external factors after conception

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13
Q

Psychology’s three main levels of analysis (biopsychosial)

A
  1. Biological influences: genetics
  2. Psychological influences : emotional
    3.Social-cultural: peer influences
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14
Q

Issues with intuition and common sense

A
  1. Hindsight bias : inclination, after and event has occurred, to see the event as been predictable, despite their having been little or no objective biases for predicting it.
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15
Q

Issues with intuition and common sense

A
  1. Over confidence : persons subjective confidence in his or her judgment is reliable greater than the objective accuracy of those judgments, especially when they have high confidence
  2. Tendency to percieve patterns in random events
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16
Q

Scientific method

A

1.theory
2.hypothesis
3.observable definition
4. Replication

Good theory: organized, good predictions, stimulates research, can be replicated

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17
Q

Types of studies

A

Descriptive methods : case studies, naturalistic observations, surveys/interviews, random sampling

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18
Q

Types of studies

A

Correlations : positive (if you increase temp- you will sweat more), negative (if you sweat a lot- you’re confidence will go down)

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19
Q

Types of studies

A

Regression torward the mean : is a variable is extreme on its first measurement, it will tend to be closer to the average in its second measurement- and if it’s extreme on its second measurement, it will tend to have been closer to the average on its first

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20
Q

Experiments

A
  1. Independent variable
    2.dependent variable
  2. Confounding variable (variables that affect other variables)
  3. Double bind procedure (no one is aware of who is receive it treatment)
  4. Placebo
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21
Q

Statistics

A
  1. Measures of central tendency : mean median mode
  2. Variation: range, SD
  3. Normal curve
  4. Statistical significance
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22
Q

Neurons

A
  1. Dendrites: receive messages from other cells
  2. Cell body: cells life support center
  3. Axon: passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands
  4. Sensory neurons : transmit sensory info
  5. Motor neuron: conveys impulses from the CNS to a muscle, gland, or other tissue
  6. Interneurons: transmits impulses as a part of reflex
23
Q

Glial cells

A

Help neuron cells (myelin)

24
Q

Action potential

A

Communication within a neuron
- basic process
- neuron has a neg charge on inside and a pos charge on outside, AP travels down axon
- threshold
- all or none response
- refractory period

25
Q

Synapse

A

Communication between neurons

26
Q

Synapse (neurotransmitters )

A
  • acetylcholine:enables muscle action, learning and memory
  • dopamine : influences movement, learning, attention and emotion
  • norepinephrine : helps control alertness and arousal
  • serotonin : affects mood, hunger, sleep and arousal
  • glutamate : helps with memory
  • GABA: inhibitory neurotransmitter
27
Q

Synapse (reuptake)

A

Making neurotransmitters go away and take in back into the neuron that released it

28
Q

Synapse (agonists/ antagonists)

A

Agonists: increasing neurotransmitters action
Antagonists: inhibits or blocks neurotransmitters action

29
Q

Nervous system

A

CNS
- medulla , pons, cerebellum, reticular formation, thalamus, limbic system, hippocampus, hypothalamus, pituitary, amygdala, cerebral cortex, corpus callosum

  • organization of motor and somatosensory cortex
  • association cortex (phineas gage)
30
Q

Nervous system (PNS)

A

Autonomic nervous system
- sympathetic : helps with arousal
- parasympathetic: helps with calming down

31
Q

Endocrine system

A

Hormones, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, glands

Feedback system

32
Q

How to study the brain

A

EEG, MRI, PET, fMRI

33
Q

Sensation and perception

A

General concepts
- sensation: receive and represent stimuli
- perception : process of organizing sensory info
- sensory receptors : respond to changes in the environment
- transduction: changing physical energy to electrical signals
1. Absolute threshold : minimum stimuli for detection
2. Difference threshold: minimum difference between 2 stimuli (webers law: 2 stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage)
3. Sensory adaptation:diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

34
Q

Vision

A

Light
- wavelength (hue)
- amplitude (brightness)

35
Q

Anatomical structures of the eye

A
  • cornea (where light enters)
  • pupil (small adjustable opening surrounding iris)
  • lens (transparent, helps refract light to be focused on the retina)
  • retina (light sensitive inner surface contains rods and cones and layers of neurons)
  • fovea (central focus point in the retina, where cones cluster)
  • optic nerve (nerve that carries neural impulses from eye to brain)
  • blind spot (point where optic nerve leaves the eye)
36
Q

Bottom up and top down processing

A

Bottom up: begins with sensory receptors and works put o the brains integration of sensory info

Top down: infor processing guided by higher level mental process. As were we construct perceptions drawing on our experiences and expectations

37
Q

Vision concepts

A
  • feature detection
  • form perceptions ( gestalt principles : figur e- ground, proximity, closure)
  • depth perception : monocular cues , binocular cues
38
Q

Perceptual constancies

A
  • shape constancy
  • size constancy
  • color constancy
39
Q

Hearing

A

Sound
- parts of wavelength (amplitude, frequency, pitch)
- frequency theory (explains hearing lower tones )
- volley theory ( neural cells alternate firing in rapid succession - 1000x/second

40
Q

Hearing problems

A

Conduction deafness: problem with conduction sound through ear to cochlea

Nerve deafness: occurs when hair cells in cochlea are damaged

41
Q

Taste, touch, and smell

A

Taste: sensed through receptor neurons on the tongue

Touch: combination of pressure, temp or pain (gate control theory)

Smell: based on chemicals; messages processed in olfactory bulb

42
Q

Body position sense

A

Kinesthetic : keeps track of position and orientation of specific body parts in relation to each other

Vestibular: tells body how it is oriented in space; balance

43
Q

Consciousness

A

Awareness of ourselves and our environment

44
Q

Parallel processing

A

Our attention has various levels to them (multitasking)

45
Q

Selective attention

A

Cocktail part effect - in a setting with lots of distractions and hearing something you didn’t hear before

Inattentional blindness - something a person should see but does not because they are focused on another task

46
Q

Biological rhythms

A

Circadian - biological clock, humans is 25 hours , bodies aren’t in sync with our environments
- decreased light: increases melatonin
- increased light : decreases melatonin

  • superchiasmatic nucleus : part in the hypothalumus responsible for circadian rythyms
47
Q

Stages of sleep

A
  • REM : recurring sleep stage during which vivid dream commonly occur

Waves
- alpha waves: slow waves of a relaxed awake state
- delta waves : large, slow brain waves (deep sleep )
- beta waves: high frequency waves that are observered when we are awake

48
Q

Theories of why we sleep

A
  • helps protect us
  • helps with recuperation
  • restores and rebuilds memories
  • helps support our growth
49
Q

Sleep disorders

A

-insomnia
- narcolepsy
- sleep apnea
- night terrors : high arousal and appearance of beign terrifies (occur during NREM-3 sleep, within 2-3 hours of falling asleep)
- sleep walking/talking

50
Q

Theories of why we dream

A
  • file away memories
  • develop and preserve neural pathways
  • make sense on neural static
  • reflect cognitive development
51
Q

Psychoactive drugs disorder

A

-addiction
- tolerance
- withdrawal
Criteria
1. Diminished control
2. Diminished social functioning
3. Hazardous use
4. Drug action

52
Q

Types of drugs

A

Depressants: slow body function
1.alcohols
2. Barbiturates : depress CNS
3. Opiates : depress neural activity
- heroin

Stimulants : excite neural activity
1.caffeine
2.nicotine
3.cocaine (depletes brains supply of dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine
4. Ecstasy
5. Meth

Hallucinogens
1.weed
2.LSD

53
Q

Altered states of consciousness

A

Hypnosis: trance like state of heightened suggestibility , deep relaxation and intense focus
- reduce stress, treat chronic pain, manage pain , lose wight and stop smoking

Mediation : mental exercise used to alter consciousness (relaxation response)
- concentration- narrowing ones focus to a single point
- mindfulness- involves broadening ones attention to a larger awareness of the world

Intro to psych (2 decks)

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