Exam 1 Flashcards
Who opened the institute for experimental psychology in 1879?
Wilhelm Wundt
Who separated psychology from philosophy by analyzing the workings of the mind in a more structured way?
Wilhelm Wundt
Structuralism
Aimed to look at the structure of the mind
Introspection (tietchener)
Examination or observation of ones own mental and emotional processes
Failed because a persons emotions change everyday
Functionalism (james)
Influence of Darwin’s evolution by natural selection
James studied down to earth emotions,memories,willpower, habits and moment to moment streams of consciousness
Behaviorism (Watson,skinner)
“Observable behavior only”
Little Albert - conditioning a phobia in an emotionally stable child
Psychoanalysis (Freud )
Emphasizes the ways our unconscious thought processes and emotional responses to childhood experiences affect our behavior
Humanistic psychology (carl rogers and Abraham)
Focused on how current environmental influences can nature or limit growth potential and to the importance of having our needs for love and acceptance satisfied
Cognitive psychology
How we perceive, process, and remember information
Basic research
Trying to understand something out of pure curiosity
Applied research
Studies that are trying to solve a particular question
Nature-nuture
Nature : influenced by genetic inheritance and other biological factors
Nurture: is the influence of external factors after conception
Psychology’s three main levels of analysis (biopsychosial)
- Biological influences: genetics
- Psychological influences : emotional
3.Social-cultural: peer influences
Issues with intuition and common sense
- Hindsight bias : inclination, after and event has occurred, to see the event as been predictable, despite their having been little or no objective biases for predicting it.
Issues with intuition and common sense
- Over confidence : persons subjective confidence in his or her judgment is reliable greater than the objective accuracy of those judgments, especially when they have high confidence
- Tendency to percieve patterns in random events
Scientific method
1.theory
2.hypothesis
3.observable definition
4. Replication
Good theory: organized, good predictions, stimulates research, can be replicated
Types of studies
Descriptive methods : case studies, naturalistic observations, surveys/interviews, random sampling
Types of studies
Correlations : positive (if you increase temp- you will sweat more), negative (if you sweat a lot- you’re confidence will go down)
Types of studies
Regression torward the mean : is a variable is extreme on its first measurement, it will tend to be closer to the average in its second measurement- and if it’s extreme on its second measurement, it will tend to have been closer to the average on its first
Experiments
- Independent variable
2.dependent variable - Confounding variable (variables that affect other variables)
- Double bind procedure (no one is aware of who is receive it treatment)
- Placebo
Statistics
- Measures of central tendency : mean median mode
- Variation: range, SD
- Normal curve
- Statistical significance