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Behavioral Neuroscience > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex?

A

Frontal, Occipital, Temporal, Parietal

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2
Q

What is the difference between the CNS and the PNS?

A

CNS is the brain and spinal cord, mediates behavior
PNS is all neurons outside of the CNS, provides sensory and motor connections

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3
Q

What types of neurons are in the PNS?

A

Sensory, Motor, mixed

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4
Q

What’s the relationship between the flexibility of behavior of an organism and the kind of nervous system it has evolved?

A

The more complex and flexible the behavior, the more complex and varied the nervous system

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5
Q

What is mentalism?

A

an explanation of behavior caused by the nonmaterial mind (psyche)

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6
Q

Who was an advocate for mentalism?

A

Aristotle

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7
Q

What did Aristotle describe the psyche’s functions as?

A

responsible for consciousness, perceptions, emotions, imagination, opinion, desire, pleasure, pain, memory, reason

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8
Q

What is dualism?

A

the idea that behavior is controlled by both a nonmaterial mind and the physical body; body receives input from mind and the mind gives directions

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9
Q

Who proposed dualism?

A

Descartes

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10
Q

What was the main issue with dualism?

A

mind-body problem; how does a nonmaterial mind interact with a material body

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11
Q

What is materialism?

A

idea that behavior can be explained as a function of the nervous system without recourse to the mind

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12
Q

How did the nervous system evolve over time?

A

Neurons and muscles -> Nerve Net -> bilateral symmetry -> segmentation -> ganglia -> spinal cord -> brain

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13
Q

What do all chordates have in common?

A

bilateral symmetry, segmentation, and a spinal cord or brain encased in cartilage or bone

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14
Q

How is the evolution of the cerebral cortex and cerebellum related to behavioral complexity?

A

The increase in folds and size allowed for more surface area which allowed for more connections and behavioral complexity

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15
Q

What traits do all primates share?

A

Excellent color vision, eyes on the front of their head

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16
Q

When did Australopithecus live and what was their relative brain size?

A

3.8 million years ago, 500 cubic centimeters

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17
Q

When did Homo habilis live and what was their relative brain size?

A

2.8 million years ago, 700 cubic centimeters

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18
Q

When did Homo erectus live and what was their relative brain size?

A

1.6 million years ago, 1300 cubic centimeters

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19
Q

When did Homo neanderthalis live and what was their relative brain size?

A

1 million years ago, 1500 cubic centimeters

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20
Q

When did Homo sapiens show up and what is their relative brain size?

A

200,000 years ago, 1400 cubic centimeters

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21
Q

Did Homo sapiens coexist with other hominid species? If so, which one(s)?

A

Yes, Homo neanderthalis

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22
Q

What is the encephalization quotient?

A

Jerison’s quantitative measure of brain size obtained from the ratio of actual brain size to expected brain size, according to the principle of proper mass, for an animal of a particular body size

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23
Q

What are the challenges associated with being a fruit eater?

A

Must have excellent color vision and good motor skills to reach and grab the fruit, good memory to return to it, and good spatial skills to find it

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24
Q

How are the changes in facial morphology associated with brain size?

A

smaller masticatory muscles paved the way for smaller, more delicate bones in the head. Smaller bones allowed for changes in diet and access to more energy-rich food

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25
Q

What is neoteny?

A

process in which juvenile stages of predecessors become adult features of descendants; idea derived from the observation that more recently evolved species resemble the young of their common ancestors; this in turn causes them to retain certain features of behaviors of their young

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26
Q

What is lateral?

A

Towards the side of the body

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27
Q

What is dorsal?

A

Towards the top / above

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28
Q

What is ventral?

A

Towards the bottom

29
Q

What is rostral?

A

Towards the beak

30
Q

What is caudal?

A

Towards the tail

31
Q

What is the coronal view?

A

A vertical slice from the front

32
Q

What is a horizontal view?

A

A horizontal cut from the top

33
Q

What is a sagittal view?

A

A lengthways cut from the side

34
Q

What is afferent?

A

Neurons that transmit info TOWARDS the CNS

35
Q

What is efferent?

A

Neurons that transmit information AWAY from the CNS

36
Q

What is the order of the meninges from top to bottom?

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

37
Q

What is the role of the corpus callosum?

A

To connect the two hemispheres for direct communication

38
Q

What is the difference between gray and white matter?

A

Gray matter is primarily neuronal cell bodies and white matter is fat-rich myelin covered axons

39
Q

What is the difference between a neuron and glial cell?

A

Neurons carry out the brain’s communication and glial cells aid and modulate the neuron’s activities

40
Q

When is a bunch of axons called a nerve?

A

When it is OUTSIDE the CNS

41
Q

When is a bunch of axons called a tract?

A

When it is INSIDE the CNS

42
Q

Which part of the brain has changed the most in humans?

A

Forebrain

43
Q

How many layers are there in the neocortex?

A

6

44
Q

What is the role of the cerebellum?

A

coordinate complex movements

45
Q

What is the role of the reticular formation?

A

associated with sleep-wake behavior and behavioral arousal

46
Q

What is the role of the pons?

A

connect the cerebellum to the rest of the brain

47
Q

What is the role of the medulla?

A

regulate vital functions

48
Q

What is the role of the tectum?

A

sensory processing and production of orienting movement

49
Q

What is the role of the superior colliculus?

A

Process optic nerve input and produce orienting movements

50
Q

What is the role of the tegmentum?

A

movement-related, species-specific and pain perception functions

51
Q

What is the role of the substantia nigra?

A

connects to the forebrain and helps to initiate movements

52
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus?

A

temperature regulation, eating, drinking, and sexual behavior

53
Q

What is the role of the thalamus?

A

integration of sensory information

54
Q

What is the role of the neocortex?

A

to construct a perceptual world and respond to that world

55
Q

What is the role of the allocortex?

A

controls motivation, emotional states, and certain forms of memory

56
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

body segment that corresponds to a segment of the spinal cord

57
Q

What is the law of Bell and Magendie?

A

sensory fibers are always DORSAL and motor fibers are VENTRAL

58
Q

What are the two divisions of the ANS?

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

59
Q

What is the role of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Fight or flight

60
Q

What is the role of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Rest and Digest

61
Q

What is the neuron theory?

A

neurons are the nervous system’s functional units

62
Q

What are the 3 main functional units of a neuron?

A

Dendrites, Axon, Soma

63
Q

What is the role of an ependymal cell?

A

secrete CSF

64
Q

What is the role of an astrocyte?

A

healing and repair of neurons

65
Q

What is the role of microglial cells?

A

defensive function to remove dead cells

66
Q

What is the roll of oligodendroglial cells?

A

forms myelin in the CNS

67
Q

What is the role of Schwann cells?

A

forms myelin in the PNS

68
Q

Is Tay-Sachs disease dominant or recessive?

A

Dominant

69
Q

Is Huntington’s dominant or recessive?

A

Recessive

Behavioral Neuroscience (4 decks)

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