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Animal Applied Nutrition > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Do animals have feed requirements?

A

No, they have nutrient requirements.
Feedstuffs are required to supply the nutrients and potential energy that support life.
Feeds are just carriers for the nutrients animals require.
Feeds must be ingested and properly digested to be useful.
6 essential nutrients provide the animals with energy to grow, maintain homeostasis, produce products, and reproduce.

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2
Q

What are the six nutrients required by animals?

A

water
carbohydrates
proteins
lipids
minerals
vitamins

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3
Q

Is energy a nutrient?

A

No

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4
Q

What nutrients can be metabolized to yield energy for the animal?

A

Carbohydrates
proteins
lipids

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5
Q

What is feed

A

Any material in a diet or ration that carries the key nutrient and potential energy to the animal

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6
Q

What is a ration or diet

A

A 24-hour allowance of feed or mixture of feed ingredients

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7
Q

What is a balanced ration or diet

A

The ration or diet is nutritionally adequate to meet animal’s nutrient requirements for a specific purpose
Formulated and provided.

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8
Q

what is a concentrate

A

Feedstuff that has high amounts of CP and less than 20% crude fiber content.

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9
Q

what is a roughage

A

More than 20% crude fiber and low levels of nutrient density and low dry matter digestibility

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10
Q

What is maintenance

A

Condition in which an animal is not gaining or losing body weight. Live and function normally. Has energy for vital bodily functions, maintenance of body temperature, and protein for tissue repair.

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11
Q

When is an animal in a positive energy balance?

A

When an animal is above the maintenance energy level and is receiving more nutrients than needed.

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12
Q

What is a negative energy balance?

A

When the animal is deficient in the essential nutrients and below maintenance level
Often desirable for humans and pets, NOT for production animals.

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13
Q

What are the four basic processes involved in feed utilization by an animal

A

Prehension - getting food by mouth
Digestion - food broke down
mastication (physical), digestive enzymes (chemical), and microorganisms in the rumen or cecum (microbial).
Absorption - nutrients from feed absorbed through bloodstream/intestinal wall.
Metabolism - All changes which take place in the complex components of feeds after absorption from the digestive tract into the cell.
Provides nourishment and energy for all bodily functions

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14
Q

What is the most vital nutrient ingested by animals

A

water
losing 10% of body water can result in death

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15
Q

Typically, animals will consume _____ to _____ times more weight in water than the amount of their dry matter intake per day

A

2, 4

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16
Q

What is the most common source of water for an animal?

A

Drinking water

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17
Q

The two other water sources for animals, explain them

A

Free water - moisture content of feeds. Not chemically bonded. as-is or as-fed since the intake through the feed or nutrient composition is the only that is offered, compared to dry matter intake and nutrient composition on a dry matter basis.
Metabolic water - chemically bound and released through metabolic processes occurring at the cell level. Produced by the animal

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18
Q

What is the difference between “as-fed” or “as-is” and “dry matter” values?

A

“as-fed” or “as-is” - free water is present. Dry matter intake/% DM of feed = as-fed intake
Dry matter - free water has been removed through a mathematical calculation or removed through a drying process. As fed will be higher than DM intake. As-fed intake x % DM of feed = Dry matter intake

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19
Q

What nutrient component of livestock feeds is present in the highest amount on a dry matter basis

A

Carbohydrates. They are used for blood glucose and muscle glycogen

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20
Q

What are the principal functions of carbohydrates in the animal’s body? Since animals consume carbs in large quantities but do not store large quantities in their bodies.

A

Source of energy for bodily functions.
Carbon skeletons for building other nutrients
Milk synthesis

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21
Q

Since the linkage between the glucose units in starch and cellulose is different, what major impact does this linkage have on the degradation of each polysaccharide by ruminant animals vs. non-ruminant animals?

A

Starch is a non-structural or non-fibrous polysaccharide. Cellulose is a fibrous polysaccharide and requires microbial digestion in the rumen or cecum of a non-ruminant. This microbial digestion converts cellulose to VFAs. In non-ruminants since cecum size is small cellulose is of limited value.

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22
Q

Be able to explain the digestion and absorption of starch and cellulose by beef animals vs. the pig. (ruminant vs non-ruminant)

A

Starch is absorbed in the small intestine of the monogastric and ruminants.
Microbial digestion of starch occurs in the rumen of beef and cecum of non-ruminants.
ruminants digest cellulose in the rumen because microbial digestion is required to digest cellulose.
The cecum is where cellulose is digested in monogastric.
In non-ruminant since cecum size is small cellulose is of limited value.

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23
Q

How does the horse utilize cellulose and starch?

A

The horse has a large cecum that allows it to digest cellulose and starch, but only has one shot to get the nutrients out, so they need higher quality forage.
The cecum is the primary site of fiber digestion-similar to rumen but high-quality forages are digested faster and more extensively.
The rate of passage is 1.5 -2 days.

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24
Q

During the rumen fermentation of digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, or lipids by rumen microorganisms, three principal volatile fatty acids are produced. Name them.

A

Propionic acid
acetic acid
butyric acid
Produced when ferment products in rumen is energy source in ruminants

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25
Q

Which nutrient is found in the highest concentration besides water in all living organisms and animals?

A

Protein

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26
Q

Define Dietary essential amino acids

A

The animal can not synthesize it at a sufficient rate that is needed to survive.

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27
Q

Be able to name and SPELL the ten essential amino acids

A

P - phenylalanine
V - valine
T - threonine

T - tryptophan
I - isoleucine
M - methionine

H - histidine
A - arginine
L - leucine
L - lysine

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28
Q

What are the four essential amino acids? Typically the most likely to be deficient in practical livestock diets.

A

Lysine, Methionine, Threonine, Tryptophan

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29
Q

Define first limiting amino acid

A

The first one to be limiting in the diet
Present in the lowest quantity in the diet when expressed as a percentage of the animal’s amino acid requirement - lowest as a % requirement.

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30
Q

Which one of the essential amino acids is most likely to be the first limiting?

A

Methionine

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31
Q

Protein digestion and absorption. ruminant vs non-ruminant

A

Ruminant - In the rumen there are billions of microorganisms which synthesize microbial protein from nitrogen. Microbial protein is digested and absorbed as amino acids in the small intestine. We do not have to supply essential amino acids in their diets.

Non-ruminant - Behind the small intestine, in the cecum is where amino acid absorption occurs. Meaning that the essential amino acids are excreted in the feces and are not absorbed. We have to supply the essential amino acids in the diets. Horses are the exception, OF COURSE - because of large cecum and coprophagy.

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32
Q

Why do we need to be concerned about the levels of the essential amino acids in the diets of non-ruminant animals, especially swine and poultry.

A

we need to be concerned about the levels because non-ruminants can not absorb the essential amino acids because the essential amino acids synthesized are in the cecum, which is past the site of amino acid absorption.

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33
Q

Why is the levels of essential amino acids in the diets of horses different?

A

They practice coprophagy. The microbial protein is digested by digestive enzymes in the small intestine and the resulting essential amino acids are absorbed. Wild horses are the only ones who typically participate in copography.

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34
Q

Why do we not have to be concerned about the levels of essential amino acids in the diets of ruminant animals?

A

Ruminants are able to synthesize microbial proteins and absorb amino acids. Then when the microbial protein is digested it is then absorbed as amino acids in the small intestine.

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35
Q

Why is the degradation of protein in the rumen and cecum by microorganisms very important for ruminants and non-ruminant especially horses?

A

Degradation of protein is important because it supplies nitrogen for microbial growth and reproduction. The microbial proteins are what help with the absorption of amino acids.

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36
Q

Is there a protein level in the diet that is a concern when feeding predominantly forage diets?

A

Consuming less than 6% crude protein content can result in microbial nitrogen deficiency that will decrease the growth and production of the microorganisms, which results in a decreased rate of digestion and a slower rate of passage through the digestive tract.

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37
Q

What is microbial protein synthesis and how does it aid in the nutrition of the ruminant vs non-ruminant animal?

A

the process of synthesizing a microbial protein from NPN such as the nitrogen from starches and CHOs.
Aids in the nutrition of a ruminant animal as they can take a low protein source and turn it into a high protein source for them to absorb

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38
Q

Why is it important to the lactating dairy cow that we feed some protein sources that are degraded in the rumen by microorganisms as well as some protein sources that will not be degraded in the rumen, but are digested and absorbed in the small intestine?

A

The microorganisms are not able to synthesize sufficient protein to meet the needs of the cow for her own body as well as milk protein synthesis. Therefore, we must feed a ruminal degradable protein source that will supply sufficient nitrogen to meet the needs of the ruminal microorganisms.
Higher than 13%
The microbes digest the cellulose found in the roughage sources as well as a ruminal bypass protein source that will then be an additive source of amino acids to meet the protein requirement of the animal.
ALL NEEDS TO BE MET IN ORDER FOR THE MILK TO BE PRODUCED

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39
Q

What is non-protein nitrogen (NPN)?

A

Nitrogen is supplied to the animal in a non-protein state.

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40
Q

How do ruminant animals utilize NPN (non-protein nitrogen) to synthesize microbial protein in the rumen? How is a microbial protein used by the ruminant animal to meet the animal’s requirement for essential amino acids?

A

MCOs in the rumen are able to synthesize microbial protein from nitrogen which results in the degradation of protein, carbs, or lipids by the MCOs.
Microbial proteins are then absorbed by the animal in the small intestine, thus protein has all essential amino acids for the animal.

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41
Q

Name the three most important essential fatty acids

A

Linolenic, Arachidonic, Linoleic
Essential because the animal can not synthesize it themselves or not synthesize enough to how much they need, so essential since we have to provide it in the diet.

42
Q

Name the functions of lipids or fats

A

Dietary energy source
Source of essential fatty acids
Insulation
Carrier of fat-soluble vitamins
Major factor in quality grading of beef

43
Q

Name the major functions of minerals in the body

A

growth and development of bones/teeth/soft tissues
immune functions
regulations in the body
enzyme synthesis
regulation of cell acid

44
Q

Are there differences in absorption rates between organic trace minerals, sulfates, and/or oxides?

A

Organics are the most bioavailable. Absorbed and utilized better, but they are typically more expensive.
Inorganics are cheaper and easier to get. They are not as bioavailable.
Organics, sulfates, oxides (ordered from bioavailable to least)

45
Q

Which fraction of chemical analyses of feeds is not determined by chemical analyses and must be determined by a subtraction procedure

A

Nitrogen free extract
which estimates non-fibrous carbohydrates

46
Q

Explain why the percentage of nitrogen is determined and then multiplied by 6.25 in the determination of the crude protein level in feed.

A

Most protein sources contain 16% nitrogen by molecular weight so if we take 100g sample of pure protein and divide it by 16g of nitrogen = that equals 6.25 which is why we multiply Nitrogen by 6.25 to get the crude protein value.

47
Q

In a feed analysis, what does the percentage of ash measure

A

vitamin and mineral content

48
Q

Differentiate “in vivo” vs. “in-vitro? in the determination of digestibility of feeds

A

In vivo is biological analysis. uses feces and waste to determine the utilization of feeds by the animal, including digestion and metabolism trials.
in-vitro microbial procedures which are done in the lab and use MCOs to “digest” feed.

49
Q

When considering the digestibility of protein, digestibility is expressed as apparent digestibility rather than true digestibility. Why?

A

Digestibility is expressed as apparent digestibility rather than true digestibility because it assumes that all dry matter in the feces is undigested feed material which is not always true.

50
Q

What is metabolic fecal nitrogen

A

nitrogen present in the feces which was not consumed by the animal

51
Q

Based upon an estimated dry matter intake and the % nutrient composition of a forage, how can the amount of protein, TDN, calcium, phosphorus, and carotene intake be determined?

A

14% CP
2.5% BW x 1000 lb cow = 25 lbs intake per day
25lbs x 14% CP = 3.5

52
Q

An animal unit equivalent of grazing is assumed to be _______ pounds of dry matter per year

A

AUE per year is 9360
26 x 30 x 12
AU = 1000lbs of one animal

53
Q

If a ranch property will yield 3000lbs of dry matter per acre and we assume a moderate use stocking rate, how many acres of pasture land are required per animal unit equivalent for a year of grazing? If a ranch property will yield 800 lbs. of dry matter per acre and we assume a moderate use stocking rate, how many acres of pasture land are required per animal unit equivalent for a year of grazing?

A

Because of defecation, trampling and etc. only 0.25 of the forage will actually be consumed.
3000lbs/ac x 0.25 = 750 lbs/ac
9360/750 = 12.5 ac/AUE
If given #AUE per cow/animal 1.4 AUE/cow =
12.5 ac/AUE x 1.4 AUE/cow = 17.5 ac/cow
800 x 0.25 = 200
9360/200 = 46.8 ac/AUE yearly
figure out how cow # = acres/acres pre cow = #cows

54
Q

What is the term used to describe the grazing management process used with bermudagrass to keep the forage in a young, vegetative, immature state.

A

Bermudagrass is an improved forage, more responsive to irrigation/ aggressive grazing
Rotational grazing would be a technique of preserving the health of the bermudagrass, aggresively graze one pen, rotate and give the original a rest period.

55
Q

When feeding a non-protein nitrogen product, such as urea, which carbohydrate source (starch or cellulose) is more effective in supplying vital carbon skeletons for synthesis of microbial protein by the ruminal microbes?

A

Starch.
Microbial urease degrade NPN very rapidly meaning the carbon skeletons necessary for microbial protein synthesis must also be supplied very rapidly, through starches.
The release of ammonia nitrogen from urea is very rapid similar to the availability of carbon skeletons from starch if the animal is on a ration with readily available CHO.

56
Q

If feed grade urea contains 46% nitrogen, what is the crude protein equivalent value for urea?

A

CP: %N x 6.25 = 288%
protein equivalent value

57
Q

Assuming that an animal requires 2 lbs. of protein per day, but consumes 3 lbs. therefore, over consuming protein in relation to its requirement. If an animal consumes more protein than is required to meet the dietary requirement of the animal, what happens to the excessive protein that is consumed by the animal?

A

excreted through urine.
One amino group is removed protein is converted to urea in liver and excreted through urine. The remaining carbon skeleton is used as an energy source or stored as fat.

58
Q

Define a lipid

A

an organic compound characterized by being insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents

59
Q

Lipids are considered a concentrated source of energy. How do lipids compare with carbohydrates and proteins in terms of kilocalories of energy per gram of nutrient during metabolism?

A

Lipids produce 9.45 kcals/gram vs carbs and proteins that produce 4.5 kcals/gram.

60
Q

How much more energy is generated during metabolism by lipids as compared to carbohydrates and proteins?

A

2.25 times more energy metabolized from fats

61
Q

What are the four sites of major fat deposition in the animal and in what sequence are they deposited?

A

Internal = KPH
Intermuscular = seam fat
Subcutaneous = under skin
Intramuscular = marbling

62
Q

What are the practical applications of fats and oils in livestock feeding?

A

Fats and oils increase the energy content of the diet, control dust in feeds, bind small particles, maintenance of equipment.

63
Q

Name the major functions of minerals in the body

A

growth and development of bones
teeth
tissues
regulation of cell acids
a component of enzymes
regulation of body properties
immune function.

64
Q

name the four fat-soluble vitamins and an associate function of each

A

Vitamin A - vision
Vitamin D - Calcium and phosphorous absorption
Vitamin E - antioxidant
Vitamin K - blood coagulation

65
Q

What is the common name of the procedures related to the chemical analyses of feed?

A

proximate analysis

66
Q

In a feed analysis, what fraction is associated with the lipids

A

Ester extract (crude fat)

67
Q

In a feed analysis, explain the difference between crude fiber and nitrogen-free extract.

A

Crude fiber estimates less digestible carbohydrate fractions such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Nitrogen-free extract estimates nonfibrous carbohydrates such as starches and sugars.

68
Q

What components are in Neutral Detergent Fiber and Acid Detergent Fiber?

A

NDF = Hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin
ADF = Cellulose and lignin

69
Q

NDF is very useful in determining what important nutritional factor for ruminant animals?

A

Predicting dry matter intake
low NDF = high digestibility

70
Q

ADF is very useful in determining what important nutritional factor of a forage by the ruminant animal?

A

Predicts the digestibility of forages
Low ADF = high digestibility

71
Q

What is TDN?

A

Total digestible nutrients

72
Q

What chemical fractions are included in the determination of TDN?

A

Digestible Crude Protein + (digestible ether extract x 2.25) + digestible crude fiber + digestible NFE is = the equation.
DCP + %N x 6.25 = # x % digestibility

73
Q

TDN is used to estimate what nutritional factor important to animals?

A

Energy content for ruminants, not used in swine and poultry

74
Q

Why is the adjustment factor 2.25 used in association with ether extract in the determination of TDN values of feeds?

A

fat metabolizes 2.25 times the amount of kilocalories

75
Q

Gross energy can be broken down into various components. Be able to diagram and detail the breakdown of gross energy to net energy for maintenance and production.

A

DIAGRAM

76
Q

Feeds that contain drugs must specify that the feed is “medicated” on the label. What other detailed information concerning the drugs must also be present on the label?

A

statement of purpose/claim
active drug ingredients
amount in the feed

77
Q

On a feed tag, a feed’s guaranteed analysis must contain specific information on what four feed components?

A

minimum crude protein
maximum crude protein from NPN
minimum crude fat
maximum crude fiber

78
Q

If a feed mixture contains more than 6.5% total mineral content, what three mineral levels must be present on the feed tag?

A

calcium
phosphorus
salt

79
Q

On a feed tag, there is a listing of individual ingredients. Is there a specific reason for the order of the listing?

A

Greatest % in the feed to the least % in the feed

80
Q

What is the VFD

A

Veterinary feed directive

81
Q

When does the VFD go into effect?

A

Jan. 1, 2017

82
Q

What does the VFD require?

A

Prescription that a veterinarian provides to a producer for the use of regulated feed additive in livestock feed

83
Q

What “drugs” fall under the new VFD

A

Penicillin
Cephalosporins
Quinolones
Fluroquinolones
Tetryclines
Sulfas
Glycopeptides
Microlides

84
Q

What is a VCPR?

A

Veterinary Client Patient Relationship

85
Q

How long must VFD records be kept?

A

Two years

86
Q

Does the VFD affect swine and poultry production? why or why not

A

very little impact.
little to no feed falls under the new regulation is regularly used for these animals

87
Q

When feeding high roughage diets, what is the primary VFA produced during microbial fermentation of the roughage in the rumen?

A

Acetic acid

88
Q

What is the typical rumen pH during the fermentation of a high roughage diet?

A

greater than 6

89
Q

Explain the effect of stage of maturity, moisture content, and crude fiber content of a forage on the quality determination of the forage and ultimately on the dry matter intake of the forage

A

The state of maturity affects the leaf: stem ratio. In more mature roughages there are more stems than leaves meaning that roughage decreases in digestibility
Moisture content is also a measure of stage maturity typically the lower the moisture content the more mature
Protein excellent level is above 13%, the medium is 7-12%, need at least 6% to maintain nitrogen in the rumen for microbes.
Crude fiber’s excellent level is 20-29%, the medium is 30-39%, and poor is over 40%.
Higher fiber less digestible=decrease intake
higher quality higher rate of digestion

90
Q

What relationship exists between maturity of a growing plant, the presence of a seed head on the plant and the quality of the forage?

A

If seed head is present on the plant quality of forage decreases. The more mature a plant is the incerase in lignin and fiber which decrease digestibility.

91
Q

What is the principal factor that controls the voluntary dry matter intake of high roughage diets in ruminant animals?

A

Rumen fill and forage quality

92
Q

Explain why a ruminant can consume more alfalfa hay (excellent quality forage) than winter native pasture (poor quality forage).

A

Ruminants can consume more alfalfa because it is a higher quality forage meaning it takes less time to digest and make it thorugh the digestive tract so they can eat more as that rumen is not full as long as compared to eating a poor quality forage. A poor quality forage will force the animal to restrict intake because it will take that rumen longer to break down that feed.

93
Q

How can forage nutrient composition and therefore, forage quality be determined or estimated?

A

Nutrient composition can be determined by labs and book values. Forage intake can be estimated by using a forage intake guideline table to determine the percentage of body weight multiplier.

94
Q

How can dry matter intake be estimated?

A

Dry matter intake can be estimated by using the forage quality and DMI table

95
Q

Assuming that a group of wintering beef cows was consuming dormant, mature, weathered forage with a dry matter content of 92%, a crude protein content of 2.7% and a percent crude fiber value of 42.1%. In class we discussed Positive Associative Effect and Negative associative Effect. Explain in detail the impact on dry matter intake with the feeding of a protein supplement to these cows. Explain in detail the impact on dry matter intake with the feeding of a supplement that contains high levels of cereal grains (starch) to the cows.

A

There would be a positive associative affect is the cows were fed a protein supplement because the rumen will have enough nitrogen to grow more microbes and continue breaking down that low quality forage thus increasing dry matter intake. If a supplement is fed that has high levels of starch there would be a negative associative affect as this will lower the ph of the rumen and decrease the number of microbes which will lower the dry matter intake of that cow.

96
Q

What is legume? name two common legumes.

A

A legume is a plant part of the pea family.
soybeans and alfalfa

97
Q

What is the meaning of the term warm season forage? Name two examples
Plot a typical forage quality chart from January to December for native grass in Oklahoma.

A

A warm season forage is a forage that reaches its peak in terms of protein, and digestibility during psring and summer
Bermudagrass and native grasses
Plot: Jan-march low quality. April-June = peak, July-September = decreasing climb. September-December = low quality

98
Q

How does the nutrient composition and dry matter yield differ between tall grass native plants (bluestems) and short grass native plants (gramas)?

A

Tall grass native plants have a moderate dry matter yield and moderate to low in protein. Short grass native plants have a low dry matter yield and are moderate to low in protein as well

99
Q

Explain a Moderate Use Stocking Rate calculation to determine the number of acres required per animal unit equivalent for grazing purposes.

A
  1. take dry matter yield x 25% because only 25% is total harvest efficiency
  2. 9360 divided by that amount from step 1 = acres per animal unit equivalent.
100
Q

How does bermudagrass compare with tall grass and short grass native species in terms of nutrient composition and dry matter yield?

A

Bermuda grass has a very high dry matter yield ranging from 2000-12000 lbs. of forage dm/acre. It is also high in quality, being higher in protein and a higher leaf to stem ratio.

101
Q

What is the meaning of the term cool season forage? Name two examples
Plot a typical forage quality chart from January to December for fescue in Oklahoma.

A

A cool season forage is a forage that grows during the fall, winter and early spring.
Fescue and wheat
Fescue: January - March = some growth, march - September = no growth,dead, September - December = Rises again

102
Q

Name several common symptoms of fescue toxicity that could be easily recognized

A

Cattle will isolate and have a decreased appetite
rough hair coat
arched back
soreness in rear feet
loss of tail switch

Advanced:
Red band above hoof
will slough off hoofs and ears in extreme cases

Animal Applied Nutrition (1 decks)

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