Exam 1 Flashcards
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the number of ________ defines the element
protons
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the _____ _____ is defined by the number of protons in an element
atomic #
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what is the equation for the atomic mass #
of protons + # of neutrons
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atoms with specific combination of protons and neutrons
nuclides
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same element, different mass numbers
isotopes
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unstable nuclei that spontaneously release particles and/or change into another element
radioactive nuclides
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do not undergo observable radioactive decay
stable nuclides
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what are the three unifying chemical principles in oceanography
atoms cannot be creased or destroyed (Conservation of mass), some processes are possible, others unlikely (thermodynamics), all processes take time to happen (Chemical kinetics)
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________ of chemicals at each place in the ocean are complete records of their histories (within uncertainty)
abundances
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what are the 3 things atoms can do?
move (to different places), transform (interact and combine/react with other atoms in definite proportions and geometries, interact with their environment (absorb and scatter energy)
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what are the 3 ways that atoms MOVE from place to place
advection, diffusion, sinking/rising
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move with water . solutes carries by currents
advection
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move through water. from regions of high to low concentration. generally much slower than advection
diffusion
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moving through water. denser things sink, buoyant things rise. Generally, MUCH faster than advection
sinking/rising
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during advection solutes move ______- water
with
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in diffusion, particles move _____ water
through
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when particles are sinking/rising they _____ ______ water
moving through
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homogeneous mixtures
solutions
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how densely populated a chemical substance is in a mixture
concentration
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a measure of salt concentration in seawater
salinity
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what is Marcets Principle ?
ratios between the amounts of the major ions in the waters of the open ocean are nearly constant
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seawater is generally ________
unreactive
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how do we observe chemicals in the ocean (3s’s)
satellites ( surface) , sensors (anywhere), samples )collecting atoms, anywhere)
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depth profiles are a graph of
property vs depth
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a contour plot is a graph of
property vs area
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ocean section is a graph of
property over area
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when making an ocean section graph, you cruise across the ocean and ______ ____ _____ along the way, and plot them at each location
take depth profiles
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wind velocity is influenced by how many factors
4
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what are the four factors the influence wind velocity
buoyancy, pressure gradient force, friction, coriolis force
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air becomes more buoyant when it is _______ than the surrounding air
hotter and/or more humid
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explain why humid air is less dense
water has a lower molar mass of air and when humid, it displaces some of the heavier gasses making moist air less dense
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air accelated from regions of _____- to _____ pressure
high to low
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when are there stronger winds
pressure difference is larger and/or distance smaller between the two places (when isobars are closer)
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transfers energy from wind to surfaces, causing winds to slow near earths surface
friction
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pushes winds 90 to the right in the northern hemisphere and 90 to the left in southern hemisphere
coriolis effect
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which way does the coriolis effect push winds in the N hemisphere
right
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which way does the coriolis effect push winds in the southern hemisphere
left
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when is the coriolis effect stronger
winds are faster, closer to the poles, faster planetary rotation rate
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why is there no coriolis effect on the equator?
there is no curving of the objects path, straight line , so no coriolis effect
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what are the 4 simplifed steps to general circulation of lower atmosphere
- Earth is mostly a closed system with respect to matter, but not to energy
- Earths surfaces heated unevenly, more strongly near the equator
3.Equatorial air rises to stable altitude (less dense) - surrounding surface air replaces “void”
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where are hadley cells
tropics
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air rises and cools near the equator
hadley cells
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what latitudes do hadley cells run from
30N to 30S
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the hadley cells create this zone
intertropical convergence zone
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after the air rises and cools near the equator the high air is now ______ and spreads poleward and ______
dry eastward
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hadley cells make what winds by moving surface air to the equator
trade winds
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there are major _______ where hadley cell air descends, dries, compresses, and thereby warms
deserts
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where do the polar cells lie
60N and 60S
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cold air cools and ____ near polls, spreads equatorward creating surface Polar Easterlies winds
sinks
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ferrel cells
60-30N 30-60s
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_____ cells depend on Polar and Hadley cells
ferrel
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surface winds and storms move from __ _ ___, creating the prevailing westerlies
west to east
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wind driven waves and currents
friction
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winds “____” water via friction
drag
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Winds drag water, but coriolis causes NET movement in upper ~100m of water to move 90right in NH and 90left in SH
ekman transport
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if winds push surface water away from coast, deeper water rises to replace it
upwelling
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if winds push water towards coast, the water pile up nearshore and sinks to deep sea (pressure pushes it down)
downwelling
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what are the 3 important features of major surface currents
western boundary currents, gyres, and antarctic circumpolar current
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major surface currents flow _________ in the northern hemisphere
clockwise
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major surface currents flow ________ in the southern hemisphere
counterclockwise
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changing temperature and or salinity changes __________
buoyancy
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lines of constant density
isopycnal
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seawater can become denser due to
cooling, evaporation (increasing salinity), cabbeling
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mixing of two waters with the sae density but different temperature and salinity can yield a denser solution
cabbeling
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N Atlantic is _____ salty than the N Pacific
more
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why is the N atlantic saltier than the N pacific
N atlantic gyre is sunny and swept by dry trade winds from Sahara, water evaporated from the gyre carried to Pacific
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the cooling salty water in the north atlantic is sufficiently dense due to
downwelling
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band of continent free sea surface and cold strong winds
southern ocean
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the southern ocean is a major site of ____ ____ _________
deep water formation
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explain how north atlantic deep water forms
warm salty gulf stream moves north, cools, gets denser and sinks (downwells)
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how is atarctic bottom water and -intermediate water made
wind driven upwelling intensely mixing waters vertically around antarctica; seaice formation makes residual water denser, sinks
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wind driven upwelling intensely mixes waters vertically around antarctica: sea ice formation makes residual water denser, sinks
antarctic bottom water and antarctic intermediate water
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what are the three waters that make up the antlantic ocean, top to bottom
antarctic intermediate water, north atlantic deep water, antarctic bottom water
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tradewinds move
east to west
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westerlies run
west to east
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polar easterlies run
east to west
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solar energy heating Earths surface ______ leads to pressure differences and the pressure gradient force.
unevenly
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how we expect gases to partition between atmosphere and seawater under specific conditions given enough time
thermodynamic perspective
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different gases have different _______ in water
solubility
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what formula is used to estimate Solubility
henrys law, k= equilibrium concentration of gas in a solution / equilibrium partial pressure of gas in air
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concentration expected at equilibrium of a gas dissolving under specific conditions
solubility
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EXPECTED concentration of gas for TOTAL air pressure
Normal atmospheric equilibrium concentration
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all gases are less soluble at _____ temperature
higher
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_____ gases are more sensitive to Temperatures
some
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higher temp means _____ solubility
lower
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why are all gases less soluble at higher temperature
at a higher temperature, harder to keep gas molecules confined
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_____ salinity takes up more space for other gasses to take up
high
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more salts _____ soluble
less
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what are the 4 potential causes of disequilibrium
rapid pressure or concentration changes, conservative mixing, bubble injection, in situ production or consumption
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how do rapid changes in pressure of concentration cause disequilibrium
inadequate contact time with atmosphere to reach equilibrium
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how does conservative mixing cause potential disequilibrium
solubility = non-linear function of T but conservative mixing = linear function of T
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how does bubble injection cause potential disequibirum
additional area and contact time on bubble surface for gas transfer, and or complete collapse of bubble
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how does in situ production or consumption cause potential disequilibrium
photosynthesis, respiration, chemistry, radioactivity
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describes HOW FAST we can expect gases to move between atmosphere and seawater under specific conditions
kinetics perspective
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explain what flux is
net number moving through a unit area of sea surface per unit time
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what is the flux equation
flux = gas exchange coeffecient (equilibrium - observed)
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if equilibrium concentration > observed concentration
undersaturated into sea
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concentration at equilibrium = concentration observed
saturated, nothing
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concentration at equilibrium < concetration observed
oversaturated into air
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gas flux primarily limited by diffusion through thin film of stagnant seawater at interface
stagnant film model
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what is the equation for the gas exchange coefficient
k = diffusion coeffecient / thickness of stagnant film
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thicker the film the ______ the gas change coefficient
slower
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what are the 3 realistic gas exchange is also influenced by
winds/turbulance
bubble injection
spatial and temporal variability
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higher wind speeds means a ______ gas exchange
higher
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breaking waves can cause ____ ______
bubble injection
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synthesis of organic matter from inorganic substances and energy by organisms
primary production
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elements in specific forms that sometimes limit primary production
nutrient
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what are the two forms of nutrients in the redfield organic matter equation
no3- po4 3-
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Not a molecule, average element ratios in planktonic organic matter
redfield organic matter
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what are the ratios in redfield organic matter
106CO2 16HNO3 1PO4 -> 138 oxygen
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takes in oxygen and creates co2
aerobic respiration
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RATE of organic matter synthesis from inorganic materials by organism per area unit volume
primary productivity
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production - respiration
net primary productivity
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sunlit surface layer extending to a depth where 1% of insolation remains unabsorbed
euphotic zone
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what do nutrient type profiles look like
concentration low near the surface, increases to nearly uniform concentration with depth
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what is an example of a low productivity zone
central gyres (oligotrophic)
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what is an example of a high productivity zone
equatorial zones, coastal regions
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why are there areas that have high nutrients and low chlorophyll regions?
nitrate and phosphate are not the only nutrients that can be limiting, iron can be limiting as well as light
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what two factors control the geographic distribution of nutrients
physical transport, in situ sources and sinks(formed where found)
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______ _____ does not limit primary productivity
carbon dioxide
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carbon dioxide hydrates to form _______ _____, then dissociates to make carbonates
carbonic acid
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is carbonic acid organic or inorganic
inorganic
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how big is dissolved organic matter
<1um
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how big is particulate organic matter
> 1um
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for spherical particles sinking in a calm ocean, an analogous settling velocity can be estimated using _____ ______
stokes law
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what do you have to assume for stokes law
all sinking particles are spherical and sinking in a calm ocean
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what are the parts of stokes law
acceleration due to gravity, density difference between particle and water, radius^2, fluid viscosity, 2/9
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density of the particle is greater than water then
sink
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if density of particle is less than fluid it will
float
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stokes law and how fast a particle sinks is very sensitive to _______
size
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dissolved organic matter gets to the bottom of the ocean via ______
currents
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organic material produced with nutrients recycled from respiration
regenerated production
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organic matter from “new” nutrients delivered to euphotic zone from atmosphere, land, or from mixing w deeper waters
new production
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production that is exported from surface to the deep ocean
export production
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where is the oldest water located
pacific ocean
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the pattern of DOC in the deep ocean primarily results from
long transit times from the sources, chemical recalcitrance (slow minerization along the way)
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~96% of all organic carbon atoms in seawater are _________
recalcitrant
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____ abundances tell us ages and sources of carbon
c14
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explain the same 3 steps of the biological pump
1 net primary production in euphotic zone
2 densely packaged organic particles sink
3 co2 and nutrients regenerates by respiration of OM
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productions of respiration are ________, they no longer sink through water, but must move _____ water
dissolved with
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DIC and nutrients accumulate, ____ diminishes along the deep conveyor belt
oxygen
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what ocean has the least amount of oxygen
pacific
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where is the highest amount of DIC accumulation
pacific
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where is the highest amount of NO3 accumulation
pacific
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where is the highest amount of H3PO4
pacific
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why are there the most nutrients in the pacific ocean, HNO3 H3PO4
more respiration over time
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what is the apparent oxygen utilization formula
aou = conentration at equilibtrium - oxygen oserved
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what must we assume when using the apparent oxygen utilization equation
- water mass had attained gaseous equilibrium with the atmosphere
- the partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere has not changes since the water mass was last at the sea surface
- neither have in situ temperature and salinity
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the highest AOU or consumption is found in what ocean?
pacific
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_____ carries that unused “performed” amount to depth; respiration adds to it
downwelling
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what are the assumptions about the performed nutrient equation
- total concentration = performed + respired concentratin
- nutrients accumulate with redfield stoichiometry
- all aou assumptions
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what is the equation for finding performed nutrients
performed = observed - AOU/138
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the amount of material contained in a defined physical regime such as in the atmosphere, the surface ocean or sediment, (how many people are in the room- variable size)
reservoir
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the amount of material transported from one reservoir to another through unit area in per unit time
flux
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input of material into a reservoir (water going into the system)
source
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output of material out of a reservoir
sink
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a balance of sources and sinks for a given reservoir
budget
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the ratio of the size of a reservour divided by the total sources or sinks (sum of sources or sum of sinks)
residence time
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material is tranfered between various reservoirs following closed circuits
cycle
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when the sources = sinks and the reservoir does not change
steady state
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when mass and or energy exchanges with outside the system
open system
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when mass and or energy cannot exchange with outside the system, but cycle within the system (the earth is one to matter)
closed system
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define the limits of a system
boundaries
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characterized by exchange of mass and or energy with surroundings (accross the boundary)
system
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earth is _____ with respect to matter, _____ with respect to energy
closed open
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fluxes: amount added (Sources) or removed from (sinks) the reservoir in a given period of time is _______
steady
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what if the system is not in a steady state? and what if the budget is not balanced? or missing sources and sinks? the reservoir could ______ ___ ______
accumulate or dissipate
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nutrients have a _____ residence time at the surface then something like Cl which is abundant, mixing is dominant
shorter
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simple box model equation
rate of change of reservoir = sources - sinks
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what are the two main processes in ocean carbon cycle?
photosynthesis, respiration
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what are the main cabin reservoirs in the ocean
inorganic carbon, organic carbon
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what are the two forms of inorganic carbon
DIC and PIC
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what are the two types of organic carbon
POC and DOC
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Co2 fluxes are controlled by
temperature, wind speed, sea surface roughness, local biological production
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what are the 3 sources inot the surface ocean
atmosphere, deep sea, marine biota
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what happens in denitrification
NO3 to N2
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what happens in nitrification
NH4+ to NO3-
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what happens in Nitrogen reduction
NO3- to NH4+
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what happens in nitrogen fixation
N2 to Organic Nitrogen
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NH4+ to NH2OH to NO2- to No3-
nitrification
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NO3- to NO2- to NO to N2O to N2
denitrification
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nitrate is highest in the pacific ocean
pacific
