Exam 1 Flashcards
when did nursing research begin and with who?
in the 19th century with florence nightingale
characteristics of quantitative research
- formal, objective, rigorous, systematic process for generating information
- describes new situations, events, or concepts
- examines relationships between variables
- determines the effectiveness of treatments
types of quantitative research
- descriptive
- correlational
- quasi-experimental
- experimental
descriptive research
- exploration and description of phenomena in real-life situations
- helps identify relationships, but no cause and effect
correlational research
- looks at relationship between two or more variables
- explains what is seen, no cause and effect
quasi-experimental research
- examines cause and effect relationships
- less control by researcher, but some control
- samples are not random
experimental research
- controlled manipulation of at least one independent variable
- random assignment of groups
- researcher controls the situation and setting
- looks at cause and effect
basic research
- pure research
- conducted for the pursuit of knowledge
applied research
- attempts to solve real problems
- applies findings in the real world on real patients
conceptual variable
provides a variable or concept with theoretical meaning
operational variable
how the variable can be measured or used as an intervention implemented in a study
steps of the research process
- problem
- purpose(s)
- hypothesis
- literature review
- framework
- ethics - human study participant rights
- design
- sampling
- data collection
- statistics
- findings
- dissemination of findings
- EBP
difference between reliability and validity
- reliability = consistency of the tool
- validity = does the tool measure what it is supposed to?
in nursing, what P value do we want?
one that is equal to 0.015 or less
PICOT
Population
Intervention
Comparison
Outcome
Timing
advantages of experimental designs
more controlled and increased internal validity
internal validity
are study findings accurate or are they the result of extraneous variable?
external validity
concerned with extent to which study findings can be generalized beyond the sample study
causality
there is a cause and effect relationship between the variables
multi-causality
a cause and effect relationship between interrelating variables
types of hypotheses
- associative vs. causal
- simple vs. complex
- nondirectional vs. directional
- null vs. research
associative vs. causal hypotheses
- associative = relationship between variable (apples and oranges are both fruits)
- causal = cause and effect relationship between variables (reusing needles after sterilizing)
simple vs. complex hypotheses
- simple = states the relationship (associative or causal) between two variable
- complex - states the relationships (associative or causal) among three or more variables
nondirectional vs. directional hypotheses
- nondirectional = relationship exists between variables, but hypothesis does not predict nature of relationship
- directional = nature (positive or negative) of interaction between two or more variables is stated
null vs. research hypotheses
- null = states there is no difference or relationship between variables; also called statistical hypothesis
- research = states what researcher thinks is true; there is a relationship between two or more variables
demographic variables
- contain characteristics of subjects
- age, education, gender, ethnic origin, income, medical diagnosis, geographic location, etc
operational definitions
- translating downward to more concrete level
- moves from concept to variable measures
in qualitative research, what are the people defined as?
a participant/collegue
in quantitative research, what are the people defined as?
a subject
five approaches to qualitative research
- phenominological (study a phenomenon)
- grounded theory (creating theories)
- ethnography (culture)
- exploratory-descriptive-qualitative
- historical (data)
phenomenological research
- describes experiences as they are lived
- in depth interviews with the participant
grounded theory
- purpose is to study a phenomena that contributes to theory development
- useful when little is known on a topic
ethnography research
- observes and documents interactions within a culture
- OBSERVATION
exploratory-descriptive research
- used to obtain information needed to develop a program or intervention for a specific group
historical research
- examine and learn from events of the past
how does sample size differ in qualitative studies?
they are usually smaller, can be hand picked to participate, mostly everyone has experienced what the researcher is studying
which intervention should be included in research designs that test causality?
carefully developed to provide the most effective treatment possible
which element would you expect to see in an experimental study?
manipulation of the independent variable
grounded theory is based on what belief?
group life is based on consensus and shared meanings
why is bias a serious problem?
it distorts the study findings
what research is conducted to generate and refine theory, and is frequently not directly useful in practice?
basic research
A nurse researcher was studying the effect of a cardiac rehabilitation program on the heart rate, respiratory rate, and functional status of patients 2 months after a myocardial infarction. The study was conducted in the rehabilitation center where the researcher controlled the consistent implementation of the treatment. What type of setting was used for this study?
partially controlled
Which are requirements for an experimental study?
- random sampling
- control group
- control of the intervention
What is the major purpose of the National Institute for Nursing Research (NINR)?
provide financial support to nursing research
The new nurse researcher is comparing the difference between the rigors of qualitative research and quantitative research. Which components would be included in the rigor for qualitative research?
openness and adherence to the philosophical perspective
A nurse researcher conducted a study with Becker’s health belief model as the framework for the study. The researcher failed to provide conceptual definitions for the variables. This is an example of what type of limitation?
theoretical
The nurse researcher is conducting a lecture series on how to report research findings. The researcher begins with an overview of the four major parts most often included in a research report. Which of the following would be included in this overview?
introduction, methods, results, discussion
