Exam 1

Question 1

Neuron Doctrine (1890s)

Answer 1

Brain has its own specialized cells called neurons

Question 2

Synapse

Answer 2

space between neurons which is the source of activity and communication between cells

Question 3

Perikaryon

Answer 3

soma or cell body (contains nucleus)

Question 4

Neurites

Answer 4

cell fibers emerging from the soma (multiple dendrites and one axon)

Question 5

unipolar neuron

Answer 5

one neurite

Question 6

bipolar neuron

Answer 6

two neurites

Question 7

multipolar neuron

Answer 7

many neurites

Question 8

Law of Dynamic Polarization

Answer 8

Roman Cajal - deduced neuronal function from neuron structure

Question 9

Dendrites

Answer 9

function to receive chemical information form other neurons

Question 10

axons

Answer 10

function to create output or relay information to other neurons

Question 11

neurotransmitters

Answer 11

chemical molecules released from neurons that act as chemical signals between neurons

Question 12

classical neurotransmitters

Answer 12

small chemical molecules

Question 13

peptide neurotransmitters

Answer 13

short peptides (small protiens)

Question 14

ion channels and pumps

Answer 14

proteins bound to the cell membrane of neurons that bind and transport charged ions across cell membranes

Question 15

metabotropic neurotransmitter receptors

Answer 15

a neurotransmitter receptor linked to a neighboring ion channel by an intracellular signaling molecule

Question 16

ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors

Answer 16

the neurotransmitter receptor itself is a neurotransmitter- gated ion channel

Question 17

agonists

Answer 17

ligands that bind to a receptor and activate it biologically (produce a response)

Question 18

antagonists

Answer 18

ligands that bind to a receptor but do not activate it biologically (receptor is blocked from functioning)

Question 19

allosteric modifiers

Answer 19

bind to a receptor at a different location and increase the ability of the receptor to bind a ligand

Question 20

neuromodulators

Answer 20

substance that acts binding to a receptor at a different location than the neurotransmitter itself

Question 21

Acetylcholine

Answer 21

makes muscles move

Question 22

GABA

Answer 22

produces widespread neural inhibition (commonly in brain)

Question 23

Glutamate

Answer 23

mediates most excitation in brain

Question 24

Biogenic amines

Answer 24

catecholamines and indolamines

Question 25

dopamine and norepinephrine

Answer 25

share a core structure (a catechol ring group) and a nitrogen-containing side group (amine)

Question 26

seratonin

Answer 26

a core structure (an indole ring group) and a nitrogen-containing side group (amine)

Question 27

peptide transmitters

Answer 27

synthesized and packaged into vesicles in the cell body

Question 28

endorphins/enkephalins

Answer 28

a fmaily of peptides that act as natural pain killers

Question 29

vasopressin and oxytocin

Answer 29

peptides involved in social recognition, aggression, nurturing, affiliation, etc.

Question 30

Structural proteins

Answer 30

determine nerve cell shape and movement; form a skeleton; actin, tubulin, elastin

Question 31

axoplasmic transport

Answer 31

transport of new proteins to distant location in the neurites

Question 32

orthograde or anterograde transport

Answer 32

away from the cell body (to neurites)

Question 33

retrograde transport

Answer 33

toward the cell body (from neurites)

Question 34

exocytosis

Answer 34

fusion of the synaptic vesicle with the plasma membrane

Question 35

endocytosis

Answer 35

a piece of the membrane pinches back to form a new vesicle