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Biopsychology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Neuron Doctrine

A

theorized that brain was composed of individual, highly specialized cells called neurons

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2
Q

parikaryon

A

soma or cell body

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3
Q

neurites

A

cellular fibers emerging from the soma (dendrites and axon)

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4
Q

pre-synaptic terminals

A

contain synaptic vesicles which contain neurochemicals essential for neuronal function (neurotransmitters)

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5
Q

dendrites

A

neurites of the neuron; there are many and are typically short

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6
Q

axon

A

neurite of neuron; only 1 but can be long

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7
Q

myelin sheath

A

protein cover on axon; works as insulating coat

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8
Q

presynaptic ending

A

synaptic vesicles filled with neurotransmitters in tip of axon

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9
Q

synaptic cleft

A

fusing of synaptic vesicles’ membrane and nerve ending membrane resulting in release of neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft

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10
Q

synapse

A

gap between 2 neurons; between presynaptic and postsynaptic ending

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11
Q

postsynaptic ending

A

uptake of neurotransmitters by receptor sites

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12
Q

neurotransmitter receptors

A

proteins embedded in membrane of post-synaptic cells that bind neurotransmitters released into synapse

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13
Q

when neurotransmitters bind to neurotransmitter receptors

A

opens a pore for charged ions to enter or exit the neuron; effectively changes the electrical charge of the post-synaptic neuron

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14
Q

excited

A

positive ions move in (inside positive)

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15
Q

inhibited

A

positive ions move out (inside negative)

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16
Q

neurotransmitter re-uptake pumps

A

specialized proteins embedded in the membrane of the pre-synaptic terminal bind and transport neurotransmitters back into pre-synaptic terminal for breakdown or packaging

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17
Q

example of blocking of neurotransmitter re-uptake pumps

A

antidepressants block to stop reuptake of serotonin (SSRI’s)
also cocaine :)

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18
Q

unipolar neuron

A

one neurite (i.e. sensory neuron)

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19
Q

bipolar neuron

A

two neurites (i.e. interneuron)

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20
Q

multipolar neuron

A

many neurites (i.e. motor neuron or pyramidal neuron)

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21
Q

Law of Dynamic Polarization

A

nerve cells are polarized, receiving information on their cell bodies and dendrites and conducting information to distant locations through axons (many exceptions to law)

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22
Q

axo-dendritic connections

A

synapses; information flows from dendrites to soma to axon

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23
Q

axo-somatic synapses

A

synapses on cell body

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24
Q

axo-axonic synapses

A

synapses on beginning of axon

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25
Q

axo-synaptic synapses

A

pre-synaptic terminal contact with other pre-synaptic terminal

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26
Q

revised Law of Dynamic Polarization

A

information flows from presynaptic cell to postsynaptic cell with respect to a specific synapse

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27
Q

interneurons

A

lie between sensory and motor neurons; can be pre or postsynaptic dependent upon synapse in question

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28
Q

neuronal membrane

A

site of important cellular events that control neuronal function

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29
Q

water

A

polar molecule and hydrogen bonding among water molecules; slight positive charge on hydrogen and slight negative charge on oxygen

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30
Q

organic molecules

A

nonpolar and composed of long chains of carbon and hydrogen; not soluble in water

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31
Q

phospholipids

A

phosphate head attaches to lipid hydrocarbon tail; form a lipid bilayer

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32
Q

hydrophilic

A

water-loving

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33
Q

hydrophobic

A

water fearing

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34
Q

amphipathic

A

having both a hydrophobic and hydrophilic region

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35
Q

synaptic vesicle membrane

A

water soluble neurotransmitter inside vesicle and water soluble outside in presynaptic terminal

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36
Q

fluid mosaic

A

hydrophilic channels and pumps that float in neuronal membrane

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37
Q

transcription

A

production of an RNA copy of DNA occurring in nucleus

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38
Q

mRNA

A

template for synthesis of proteins

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39
Q

some amino acids…

A

also function as neurotransmitters
glutamate, aspartate (neuronal excitation); glycine (neuronal inhibition), tyrosine, tryptophan (precursors for classical neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin)

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40
Q

translation

A

assembly of amino acids in specific sequence encoded for by mRNA creating a protein

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41
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical molecules released from neurons that act as chemical signals between neurons

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42
Q

classical neurotransmitters

A

small chemical molecules

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43
Q

noradrenaline (norepinephrine)

A

affects attention and responding actions in brain; contracts blood vessels, increasing blood flow (classical)

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44
Q

gaba

A

calms firing nerves in the central nervous system; high levels improve focus, low levels cause anxiety; contributes to motor control and vision (classical)

45
Q

dopamine

A

feelings of pleasure, addiction, movement and motivation; people repeat behaviors that lead to dopamine release (classical)

46
Q

glutamate

A

most common; involves in learning and memory; regulates development and creation of nerve contacts (classical)

47
Q

serotonin

A

contributes to well-being and happiness; helps sleep cycle and digestive system regulation; affected by exercise and light exposure (classical)

48
Q

acetylcholine

A

involved in thought, learning, and memory; activates muscle action in body; also associated with attention and awakening (classical)

49
Q

peptide neurotransmitters

A

short peptides (small proteins); often co-transmitters and are released with small chemical neurotransmitters; increases affinity of receptor to bind neurotransmitter; released in brain and used as neurochemical signals between neurons

50
Q

endorphins

A

released during exercise, excitement, and sex, producing well-being and euphoria; reduces pain (peptide)

51
Q

ion channels and pumps

A

proteins bound to cell membrane of neurons that bind and transport charged ions across cell membranes

52
Q

metabotropic neurotransmitter receptors

A

a neurotransmitter receptor linked to a neighboring ion channel by an intracellular signaling molecule; binding activates signaling molecule which opens or closes an ion channel

53
Q

ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors

A

neurotransmitter receptor itself is a neurotransmitter-gated ion channel; receptors have a ligand binding site and an ion channel that opens or closes when binding site is occupied by neurotransmitter

54
Q

ligand

A

a molecule that binds to another larger molecule

55
Q

continuum of efficacy

A

neurotransmitters act by this; rapidly bind to and activate receptors and then are released from and deactivate a neurotransmitter receptor

56
Q

affinity

A

how fast and strong a ligand binds a receptor

57
Q

potency

A

how biologically effective a ligand is once bound

58
Q

agonists

A

ligands that bind to a receptor and activate it biologically; produce a response in a target neuron; high affinity and high potency

59
Q

antagonists

A

ligands that bind to a receptor but do not activate it biologically; usually have higher affinity so receptor is blocked from functioning; all exogenous; high affinity but low potency

60
Q

exogenous

A

foreign substances

61
Q

endogenous

A

substances made in the body

62
Q

allosteric modifiers

A

binds to a receptor at a different location than agonists and antagonists; increases ability of receptor to bind a ligand; naturally made or drug

63
Q

example of allosteric modifier

A

anti-anxiety meds bind to allosteric site on GABA receptors, binding GABA more strongly to increase calming effect

64
Q

acetylcholine (ACh)

A

synthesized in pre-synaptic terminal by enzyme cholineacetyltransferase (ChAT) which fuses acetate (from Acetyl-CoA) and choline together

65
Q

3 mechanisms terminating post-synaptic ACh activity

A

desensitization (receptors become less responsive); diffusion of ACh out of synapse; breakdown of transmitter molecule

66
Q

acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

A

breaks down acetylcholine

67
Q

physostigmine

A

naturally occuring drug that blocks AChE

68
Q

insecticides

A

man-made AChE blockers; acetylcholine makes muscles in bugs contract for breathing but insecticide blocks breakdown so their muscles spazz and insect dies

69
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

interface between nerve and muscle; connection between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle cholinergic synapse; uses ACh as a neurotransmitter

70
Q

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

A

produces widespread neural inhibition; derivative of amino acid glutamate; last-minute shut off for action potential

71
Q

glutamic acid decarboxylase

A

converts glutamate to GABA by getting rid of carboxyl group

72
Q

GABA transaminase

A

recycles GABA back to glutamate for re-uptake and use

73
Q

GABA A receptors

A

produces neuronal inhibition; ionotropic and function as Cl- channels; have at least two allosteric binding sites (one for benzodiazepines and one for barbiturates)

74
Q

benzodiazepines and barbiturates

A

anti-anxiety meds that increase neural inhibition

75
Q

presynaptic inhibition

A

GABA blocks ability of synaptic terminal to release neurotransmitters

76
Q

GABA receptor blockers

A

produce excitation and produce seizures in behaving animals

77
Q

epilepsy

A

loss of GABA producing neurons

78
Q

glutamate

A

chemically similar to GABA, mediates most excitation in brain; majority of glutamate receptors are ionotropic receptors

79
Q

AMPA

A

most active glutamate receptor - causes excitation due to increase Na+ influx

80
Q

Kainate

A

causes excitation due to increase Na+ influx

81
Q

NMDA

A

causes excitation due to increase in Na+ and Ca2+; very important; BIG DADDY

82
Q

glycine

A

important amino acid for inhibition, especially in spinal cord where it is used instead of GABA

83
Q

strychnine

A

type of poison; glycine antagonist; causes spinal seizures

84
Q

dopamine and norepinephrine

A

share core structure of catechol ring group and a nitrogen-containing side group (amine); synthesis starts with tyrosine

85
Q

serotonin

A

core structure of an indole ring group and a nitrogen-containing side group (amine; starts with L-Tryptophan)

86
Q

peptide hormones

A

released from brain into blood stream to act as neurochemical signals between brain and body

87
Q

orthograde/anterograde axoplasmic transport

A

peptide transmitters are synthesized and packaged into vesicles in the cell body and sent down axon to synaptic terminal via this; synthesized as large proteins and chopped up into small pieces by enzymes in vesicle; away from cell body (to neurites)

88
Q

peptide transmitters after release

A

diffuse away from synapse or broken down by enzymes

89
Q

peptide transmitters

A

considered metabolically expensive (lot of energy needed) so they tend to act at low concentrations for a long period of time

90
Q

endorphins/enkephalins

A

family of peptides that act as natural pain killers (endogenous opiates); peptide transmitters

91
Q

vasopressin and oxytocin

A

peptides involved in social recognition, aggression, nurturing, affiliation, water retention, milk letdown, maternal instincts - oxytocin in bloodstream for uterine contractions (peptide transmitters)

92
Q

structural proteins

A

determine nerve cell shape and movement (actin, tubulin, elastin)

93
Q

enzymes

A

catalysts that is a protein

94
Q

axoplasmic transport

A

transport of new proteins to distant locations in neurites

95
Q

retrograde transport

A

towards cell body (from neurites)

96
Q

exocytosis

A

fusion of synaptic vesicle with plasma membrane; synaptic vesicle contents (neurotransmitters) are dumped into synapse

97
Q

endocytosis

A

piece of membrane pinches back to form a new vesicle

98
Q

neuronal growth

A

neurons send out neural processes; axon growth; exocytosis exceeds endocytosis; axons from one neuron grow and connect with another neuron to form synapses

99
Q

neuronal pruning

A

neural processes (axons) withdraw; endocytosis exceeds exocytosis; axons from one neuron withdraw connection with another neuron

100
Q

mature synapse

A

stable associations between neurons; exocytosis and endocytosis are precisely balanced

101
Q

Chemoaffinity Hypothesis

A

explains how neurites find way during development

102
Q

chemical signals (trophic factors)

A

proteins that help nerve cells develop and recognize each other; are exchanged between potential synaptic partners

103
Q

growth cone

A

tip of growing neuronal axon; sends out filopodia (finger feet)

104
Q

withdrawal and approach cycles of neurons

A

if correct synaptic partner: filopodia flatten out, presynaptic and postsynaptic densities appear

105
Q

neural adaptation

A

at mature synpase, concentration of postsynaptic receptors in membrane can be up-regulated or down-regulated based upon amount of neurotransmitter released and received by receptors on postsynaptic cell

106
Q

problem with down-regulation

A

desensitization; presynaptic cell increases trophic influence, overwhelms post synaptic cell; postsynaptic cell decreases receptor complement and becomes less sensitive to neurotransmitter presence

107
Q

problem with up-regulation

A

denervation supersensitivity; presynaptic cell decreases trophic influence, starves postsynaptic cell; postsynaptic cell increases receptor complement and becomes supersensitive to remaining neurotransmitter around cell

108
Q

Schwann cells

A

in PNS; myelinates a single neuronal axon; when axon damaged or severed, Schwann cell forms guidance tube to guide regenerating end of axon to target end of axon

109
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

in CNS; myelinates multiple axons; when axon damaged or severed, oligodendrocytes fail to respond, withdraws remaining myelin support, damage is permanent

Biopsychology (1 decks)

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