Exam 1

Question 1

Aristotle

Answer 1

created the scale of nature

Question 2

Linnaeus

Answer 2

he created the binomial format for meaning species

Question 3

Cuvier

Answer 3

he noticed that the further down he dug, the more dissimilar the fossils became at the time he believed it was just a bunch of mass extinctions but we now know it was evolution

Question 4

Lyell

Answer 4

introduced the idea that evolutions didn’t come from fast events like an extinction but rather was a slow and gradual process

Question 5

Lamarck

Answer 5

He was known for his incorrect hypothesis that species evolved because of their innate drive to become stronger and more complex

Question 6

adaptation

Answer 6

An evolutionary change that allows an organism to be better suited to its environment

Question 7

3 main mechanisms that cause allele frequency to change

Answer 7

Natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow

Question 8

two things that determine phenotype

Answer 8

Inherited genotype and other environmental influences

Question 9

mutation

Answer 9

A change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism’s dna

Question 10

Heterozygote

Answer 10

having two different alleles of a particular gene or genes.

Question 11

Sexual reproduction

Answer 11

ensures genetic variation

Question 12

genetic drift

Answer 12

It is a chance event where allele frequencies fluctuate and change.

Question 13

founders effect

Answer 13

when a small population of a group is separated from the rest, and creates a new specie

Question 14

relative fitness

Answer 14

The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contributions of other individuals.

Question 15

directional selection

Answer 15

Shifts the entire population to a favorable allele

Question 16

disruptive selection

Answer 16

Favors alleles at both extremes of the variants

Question 17

stabilizing selection

Answer 17

It removes the extremes of the variants leaving one typical way of being

Question 18

intrasexual

Answer 18

when intervals of one sex compete with each other for a mate

Question 19

intersexual

Answer 19

an induvial is being choosy with who they mate with

Question 20

species

Answer 20

A species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable and fertile offspring

Question 21

reproductive isolation

Answer 21

The existence of biological factors that impede members of two species from interbreeding and producing viable, fertile offspring.

Question 22

prezygotic reproductive barrier

Answer 22

stops them from mating in the first place

Question 23

zygotic reproductive barrier

Answer 23

makes the survival rate for the hybrid is very low.

Question 24

Biological Species Concept

Answer 24

defines a species as members of populations that actually or potentially interbreed in nature, not according to similarity of appearance.

Question 25

allopatric speciation

Answer 25

When a species is geographically divided

Question 26

sympatric speciation

Answer 26

the species remain in contact with each other while still genetically changing

Question 27

Habitat differentiation

Answer 27

It can occur when a subpopulation exploits a habitat or resource not used by the parent population

Question 28

Sexual selection

Answer 28

Occurs when the females pick their males based on appearance

Question 29

hybrid zone

Answer 29

A region in which members of different species meet and mate

Question 30

Reinforcement

Answer 30

when there are more barriers to reproduce in order to strengthen them

Question 31

Fusion

Answer 31

the barriers for reproduction are weak

Question 32

Stability

Answer 32

the barriers to reproduce are normal

Question 33

What does someone who studies/uses systematics do?

Answer 33

reconstruct phylogenies

Question 34

phylogenies

Answer 34

the study of the evolutionary development of groups of organisms

Question 35

taxonomic ranks of the hierarchical classification system in order from least to most inclusive

Answer 35

Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, domain

Question 36

homology

Answer 36

The study of creatures with a common ancestor

Question 37

analogy

Answer 37

the study of convergent evolution and how it can make similar traits in several species

Question 38

clade

Answer 38

Groups of common ancestry

Question 39

monophyletic

Answer 39

consists of an ancestral species and all of its descendants

Question 40

paraphyletic

Answer 40

consists of ancestral species and some but not all of its descendants.

Question 41

polyphyletic

Answer 41

includes distantly related species but does not include most of its recent common ancestors

Question 42

what is the true clade?

Answer 42

monophyletic

Question 43

outgroup

Answer 43

A species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is closely related but not part of the group or species that we are studying

Question 44

3 basic plant organs

Answer 44

roots, stems, and leaves

Question 45

functions of the plant root?

Answer 45

Absorbs minerals and water and stores carbohydrates

Question 46

tap root system

Answer 46

large and ticker roots that help keep the plant upright

Question 47

fibrous root system

Answer 47

has many smaller roots that keep the plant from being pulled out of the ground

Question 48

the roll of root hairs

Answer 48

They increase the surface area of the root and increase its ability of absorb minerals

Question 49

function of the stem

Answer 49

It bears leaves ad buds and its main goal is to elongate to maximize photosynthesis

Question 50

what are the functions of leaves

Answer 50

Its main goal is to photosynthesize, but it also exchanges gas with the atmosphere, dissipates heat, and defends themselves from plant eaters

Question 51

What is the function of the dermal layer?

Answer 51

It's the plants outer protective coating

Question 52

What is the function of the xylem?

Answer 52

Conducts water and dissolves minerals up from the roots to the stem

Question 53

What is the function of phloem?

Answer 53

Transports sugars and the products of photosynthesis from the leaves to where its stored

Question 54

What are the functions of ground tissue?

Answer 54

Ground filler can be internal and external and can work as filler, storage, photosynthesis, support, and short distance transport

Question 55

Where do we find parenchyma cells?

Answer 55

Mainly in dermal and ground tissues

Question 56

Describe the shape and movement of water in tracheids

Answer 56

Water moves from cell to cell mainly through pits

Question 57

Describe the shape and movement of water in vessel elements

Answer 57

Water travels through vents

Question 58

What features are lacking in sieve-tube elements

Answer 58

Nucleus, ribosomes, a distinct vacuole, and cytoskeletal elements

Question 59

What is the function of companion cells?

Answer 59

They help load sugars into sieve tubes

Question 60

two types of meristem

Answer 60

Apical meristems and lateral meristems

Question 61

primary growth

Answer 61

growth in length

Question 62

secondary growth

Answer 62

growth in width

Question 63

Root cap

Answer 63

the root cap is a protective shell around the tip of the growing root

Question 64

Zone of cell division

Answer 64

where new cells are made

Question 65

Zone of elongation

Answer 65

where most of the growth occurs and root cells extend

Question 66

Zone of differentiation

Answer 66

where cells complete their differentiation and then become distinct cell types

Question 67

functions of stomata

Answer 67

Allows the exchange from CO2 to O2

Question 68

what is the function of guard cells

Answer 68

Regulates the opening and closing of pores

Question 69

What is the ground tissue of the leaf called?

Answer 69

Mesophyll

Question 70

What tissues are responsible for the production of secondary vascular tissue and where is it located?

Answer 70

Xylem, and secondary phloem

Question 71

visceral rays

Answer 71

Radial files of mostly parenchyma cells that connect to the secondary xylem and phloem

Question 72

heartwood

Answer 72

The oldest layer of the secondary xylem that can no longer transport water or minerals

Question 73

sapwood

Answer 73

The newer layer of the secondary xylem that can transport water or minerals

Question 74

what is bark

Answer 74

All tissues external to the vascular cambium