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Animal Nutrition > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Any material that aids in the support of life in a normal healthy animal.

A

Nutrient

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1
Q

The sum of the processes in an animal by which food substances are consumed, metabolized and waste products are eliminated.

A

Nutrition

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2
Q

Any product, whether of natural or synthetic origin, that when properly used in the diet has nutritional value.

A

Feed and feedstuff

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3
Q

Natural feedstuff

A

Wheat, alfalfa, corn, soybean,potatoes

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4
Q

Natural processed feedstuffs

A

soybean meal, wheat germ meal, alfalfa leaf meal, dried distillers grains with solubles

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5
Q

Synthetic feedstuffs

A

a pure nutrient (but still fits the definition of a feedstuff

Vitamin e

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6
Q

Name the 6 nutrient classes

A

Protein

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Vitamins

Minerals

Water

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7
Q

A combination of feedstuffs

A

Diet

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8
Q

amount of feed consumed by an animal in a 24 hr period

A

Ration

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9
Q

feed or feed mixture used with another feed or feed mixture to improve nutritive balance of a diet and improve performance of the animal

A

Supplement

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10
Q

3 ways to use supplements:

A
  1. Mix with other ingredients to form a complete diet (e.g. Corn + SBM + Vit + Min).
  2. Feed free choice - self feeder has grain in one compartment and protein in another, animal will balance their own ration (this method isn’t used much anymore because animals usually overeat on protein with the result that this practice is too expensive). Salt and minerals are supplemented free choice.
  3. Feed undiluted - ruminants rations are often topdressed (poured over roughage), this is seen quite often on corn silage diets. e.g. SBM (dry), molasses-urea mixtures (liquid).
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11
Q

a feedstuff which supplies nutrients high in energy and containing less than 18% fiber as crude fiber

A

Concentrate

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12
Q

a feedstuff containing more than 18% fiber as crude fiber

A

Roughage

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13
Q

physical and chemical reactions feedstuffs undergo from intake to absorption from the gut

A

Digestion

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14
Q

movement of nutrients from GI tract through gut wall into the lymph system, blood stream, and cells

A

Absorption

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15
Q

movement of nutrients from absorption site to cells of the body

A

Distribution

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16
Q

the chemical processes that nutrients undergo after absorption

A

Metabolism

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17
Q

Two types of metabolism

A

Anabolism

Catabolism

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18
Q

Anabolism

A

Any constructive process by which simple substances are converted by living cells into more complex substances

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19
Q

Catabolism

A

Any destructive process by which complex substances are converted by living cells into more simple compounds

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20
Q

Enzymes

A

Biocatalysts, secreted by living cells, activate and/or accelerate chemical reactions

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21
Q

Many enzymes have these 2 things:

A

Cofactors & coenzymes

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22
Q

Cofactors

A

which serve to activate the enzymes (e.g. many minerals)

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23
Q

Coenzymes

A

function in conjunction with the enzymes…often act as intermediate carriers of electrons or functional groups

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24
Q

Hormones

A

chemical agents that are synthesized by particular parts of the body and are carried by the blood to another part of the body where they elicit a physiological response by action on specific tissues or organs

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25
Q

7 steps of feed processing

A

Feed => digestion => absorption (as nutrients) => distribution => metabolism => production => waste

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26
Q

Father of nutrition who established the chemical basis of nutrition, and that energy (heat) is derived from oxidation of food

A

Antoine Lavoisier

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27
Q

demonstrated that the juice of citrus fruits was a cure for scurvy

A

James Lind

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28
Q

outstanding pioneer in the study of gastric digestion in man

A

William Beaumont

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29
Q

Coined the term ‘vitamine’

A

Casimir Funk

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30
Q

Developed a proximate analysis in Germany

A

Henneberg and Stohman

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31
Q

Rothamsted expt station in England

A

Lawes and Gilbert

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32
Q

advocated the use of iodine to prevent goiter after the observations that he made while traveling in South America

A

J.B. Boussingault

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33
Q

discovery of fat soluble A in animal fats, butter and fish oil

A

McCollum and Davis

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34
Q

Era in which experiments conducted which opened the vitamin era

A

1910’s 1920’s

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35
Q

Era - animal protein factor- B12

A

Late 1940’s

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36
Q

Era- work with trace minerals and ultra trace minerals

A

1960’s & 70’s

37
Q

Era- calcium supplementation for bones and egg shell strength

A

Early to mid 1800’s

38
Q

What scientific discipline has contributed the most to improved understanding of nutrition

A

Chemistry

39
Q

In the proximate analysis of a feedstuff, what is the residue called that remains after all the combustible material has been burned off?

A

Ash

40
Q

There are about 19 mineral elements present in the body, probably 15 of which are essential for some aspect of life. What two minerals are found in the greatest quantity in the body?

A

Ca and P

41
Q

The greatest concentration of minerals is found in what body tissue?

A

Bone

42
Q

Name a monovalent ion related to acid/base balance that is found in substantial quantity in the body.

A

Na, K, Cl

43
Q

In animals, the primary nutrient involved in structural support is _________or ______ , while in plants it is _________.

A

MINERALS or PROTEIN

CARBOHYDRATES (CELLULOSE) .

44
Q

products arising from the processing of various plant materials (and sometimes animal) for human food or industrial purposes.

A

BYPRODUCTS or COPRODUCTS

45
Q

In general, characterize how a plant byproduct feed compares (Higher, Lower, or about the Same) in the following nutrient classes, to its parent product: Crude Protein __ , Minerals___, Energy___

A

H, H, L

46
Q

On a dry basis, the main constituent of a young animals body is _______while the main constituent of plants is ___________ .

A

Protein…. Carbohydrate

47
Q

As plants mature, nutrient content and other characteristics change. For the following, which type of plant (young vs mature) is lowest for the nutrient or characteristic in question:

DM yield per unit of land

Crude fiber %

Digestibility %

Protein %

A

DM yield per unit of land - young, growing plant

Crude fiber % - young, growing plant

Digestibility % - mature plant

Protein % - mature plant

48
Q

List 3 functions which the gastrointestinal tract performs (one extra point is available if you list 4 of the 5 that were given in class, extra credit will be given only if the first 3 are correct).

A

PROTECTION TRANSPORT SOLUBILIZE ABSORB EXCRETE

49
Q

What type of digestion would predominate in a carnivore? What type in a herbivore?

A

HYDROLYTIC …. FERMENTATIVE

50
Q

________ functions in the young calf prior to the establishment of adult-like ruminal fermentation. It consists of two muscular folds which, when given the proper stimulus, close to form a passage and milk thus bypasses the rumen and reticulum.

A

ESOPHAGEAL or RETICULAR GROOVE

51
Q

There were three positive aspects of the microbial activity in the rumen (i.e. of fermentative action). Name two of those aspects.

A

Make the energy in cellulose available;

synthesize B vitamins; and

utilize nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) or poor-quality
dietary protein.

52
Q

Carnivores and omnivores that have some degree of fermentation would accomplish that in what two areas of the GI tract?

A

CECUM or COLON (LI)

53
Q

Which two non-GI organs are vital to digestive processes because of the digestive secretions they produce?

A

Liver and pancreas

54
Q

What product secreted into the small intestine serves as a route of excretion for many different metallic elements, inactivated hormones, and various harmful substances as well as pigments ultimately responsible for most of the color in feces and urine?

A

Bile

55
Q

Which hormone tends to act like a brake, inhibiting release of many other GI hormopnes?

A

Somatostatin

56
Q

The passage of individual nutrients from the intestinal lumen into the intestinal epithelial cell and then into the blood or lymph can occur by three mechanisms. Name one.

A

ACTIVE TRANSPORT, PASSIVE DIFFUSION, PINOCYTOSIS

57
Q

Digestion of starch actually begins in the mouth for many animals with the secretion of what enzyme in the saliva?

A

Amylase or ptyalin

58
Q

What organ or location is responsible for the secretion of the disaccharidases (maltase, lactase, sucrase)?

A

Small intestine

59
Q

Name two enzymes responsible for protein digestion.

A

Pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin

60
Q

List 3 of the 9 factors given in class that affect nutrient requirements

A 
STAGE OF GROWTH (AGE) 
SPECIES DIFFERENCES
CONDITION OF ANIMAL -HOW MUCH FAT? RATION IMBALANCES -NUTRIENT RATIOS
ACTIVITY (WORK, LACTATION, PREGNANCY)
SIZE OF ANIMAL
HEREDITY
DISEASE
ENVIRONMENT
61
Q

On a percentage basis what nutrient makes up the largest portion of the mammal’s body?

A

Water

62
Q

On a dry, fat-free basis, what is the ratio of protein to ash in the animal body?

A

4:1

63
Q

The nature of the CHO in plant differs as to the function it serves (and, consequently, different parts of the plant are better for different animals). In grain seeds, the CHO is primarily for energy storage and it occurs as ______ , in stems, and to a lesser extent leaves, the CHO is primarily structural and occurs as _______ OR _____

A

Starch…….cellulose or fiber

64
Q

There are 2 basic types of digestion. One involves enzymes of animal origin and is termed _______
; the other type involves microflora and is termed ________.

A

Hydrolytic

Fermentative

65
Q

List the 4 compartments of the ruminant stomach.

A

RUMEN RETICULUM OMASUM ABOMASUM

66
Q

The nonruminant stomach is divided into several regions that have different functions. Two of the regions have more of a protective role and secrete primarily mucin while another region of the stomach has a primary role in active digestion of feed by secreting HCl and pepsinogen. Name one of the two areas that functions more in a protective role.

A

CARDIAC or PYLORIC

67
Q

Poultry have no teeth to perform the mechanical aspects of feed breakdown. What portion of the GI tract performs this function?

A

Gizzard

68
Q

Name the proteolytic enzyme in calves that clots milk.

A

Rennin

69
Q

what organ secretes bile?

A

Liver or gall bladder

70
Q

what organ secretes the majority of the digestive enzymes?

A

Pancreas

71
Q

Gastrin, released from the stomach, has what action/effect?

A

STIMULATE ACID SECRETION

72
Q

Secretin, released from duodenal mucosa, has what action/effect?

A

STIMULATE BICARBONATE OUTPUT OF PANCREAS (IN SOME SPECIES IT

STIMULATES BILE OUTPUT)

73
Q

The name of the hormone released from duodenal mucosa that enhances insulin release and induces satiety is what?

A

CHOLESYSTOKININ OR CCK

74
Q

6 functions of water

A 
SOLVENT 
TRANSPORT 
TEMPERATURE REGULATION 
RESPIRATION 
HYDROLYSIS 
LUBRICANT/CUSHION
75
Q

What are the 3 sources of water for animals?

A

DRINKING H2O, WATER IN FEED, METABOLIC OR OXIDATION H2O

76
Q

Of humans, pigs, and cattle, which species would generally excrete a higher percentage of total water via the feces?

What dietary constituent is primarily responsible for this difference?

A

Cattle

Fiber

77
Q

Give one of the properties of water that allow it to function in thermal regulation.

A

HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT, HIGH THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY, HIGH LATENT HEAT OF VAPORIZATION

78
Q

Usually makes up 5-10% of our body weight

A

Blood

79
Q

Name a common indicator or ingesting e marker that is used in determining feedstuff digestible values

A

Cr2O3 , SiO2, Fe2O3, lignin, plant chromogens, or polyethylene

80
Q

Muscle is what % water?

A

75

81
Q

As plants mature what happens to the following nutrient characteristics:
Protein %
Digestibility
Crude fiber %

A

Down
Down
Up

82
Q

In ruminants saliva has a very important role in ______

A

Buffering acids

Major buffers: bicarbonate and phosphate

83
Q

Saliva stimulated by

A

Psychic reflex
Food in mouth
In ruminants stimulation of cardiac region of stomach by tactile stimuli

84
Q

Ideal indicator

A 
Totally indigestible/unabaorbed
No pharmacological action on go tract or animal
Passes through go tract at uniform rate
Is easily determined or analyzed
Natural constituent of the feed
85
Q

Factors affecting digestibility

A 
Species
Age
Physical nature of the feed
Level of intake
Chemical nature
86
Q

Extra cellular fluid divided into

A

Blood plasma (confined within vascular system) and interstitial fluid (occupies space between cells)

87
Q

Principle cation of extra cellular fluid

A

Na+

88
Q

Primary cations within the cells

A

K+ and mg++

89
Q

First step in determining nutrient requirement it to identify an

A

Appropriate response criterion

Animal Nutrition (2 decks)

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