Exam 1 Flashcards
Any material that aids in the support of life in a normal healthy animal.
Nutrient
The sum of the processes in an animal by which food substances are consumed, metabolized and waste products are eliminated.
Nutrition
Any product, whether of natural or synthetic origin, that when properly used in the diet has nutritional value.
Feed and feedstuff
Natural feedstuff
Wheat, alfalfa, corn, soybean,potatoes
Natural processed feedstuffs
soybean meal, wheat germ meal, alfalfa leaf meal, dried distillers grains with solubles
Synthetic feedstuffs
a pure nutrient (but still fits the definition of a feedstuff
Vitamin e
Name the 6 nutrient classes
Protein
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Vitamins
Minerals
Water
A combination of feedstuffs
Diet
amount of feed consumed by an animal in a 24 hr period
Ration
feed or feed mixture used with another feed or feed mixture to improve nutritive balance of a diet and improve performance of the animal
Supplement
3 ways to use supplements:
- Mix with other ingredients to form a complete diet (e.g. Corn + SBM + Vit + Min).
- Feed free choice - self feeder has grain in one compartment and protein in another, animal will balance their own ration (this method isn’t used much anymore because animals usually overeat on protein with the result that this practice is too expensive). Salt and minerals are supplemented free choice.
- Feed undiluted - ruminants rations are often topdressed (poured over roughage), this is seen quite often on corn silage diets. e.g. SBM (dry), molasses-urea mixtures (liquid).
a feedstuff which supplies nutrients high in energy and containing less than 18% fiber as crude fiber
Concentrate
a feedstuff containing more than 18% fiber as crude fiber
Roughage
physical and chemical reactions feedstuffs undergo from intake to absorption from the gut
Digestion
movement of nutrients from GI tract through gut wall into the lymph system, blood stream, and cells
Absorption
movement of nutrients from absorption site to cells of the body
Distribution
the chemical processes that nutrients undergo after absorption
Metabolism
Two types of metabolism
Anabolism
Catabolism
Anabolism
Any constructive process by which simple substances are converted by living cells into more complex substances
Catabolism
Any destructive process by which complex substances are converted by living cells into more simple compounds
Enzymes
Biocatalysts, secreted by living cells, activate and/or accelerate chemical reactions
Many enzymes have these 2 things:
Cofactors & coenzymes
Cofactors
which serve to activate the enzymes (e.g. many minerals)
Coenzymes
function in conjunction with the enzymes…often act as intermediate carriers of electrons or functional groups
Hormones
chemical agents that are synthesized by particular parts of the body and are carried by the blood to another part of the body where they elicit a physiological response by action on specific tissues or organs
7 steps of feed processing
Feed => digestion => absorption (as nutrients) => distribution => metabolism => production => waste
Father of nutrition who established the chemical basis of nutrition, and that energy (heat) is derived from oxidation of food
Antoine Lavoisier
demonstrated that the juice of citrus fruits was a cure for scurvy
James Lind
outstanding pioneer in the study of gastric digestion in man
William Beaumont
Coined the term ‘vitamine’
Casimir Funk
Developed a proximate analysis in Germany
Henneberg and Stohman
Rothamsted expt station in England
Lawes and Gilbert
advocated the use of iodine to prevent goiter after the observations that he made while traveling in South America
J.B. Boussingault
discovery of fat soluble A in animal fats, butter and fish oil
McCollum and Davis
Era in which experiments conducted which opened the vitamin era
1910’s 1920’s
Era - animal protein factor- B12
Late 1940’s
Era- work with trace minerals and ultra trace minerals
1960’s & 70’s
Era- calcium supplementation for bones and egg shell strength
Early to mid 1800’s
What scientific discipline has contributed the most to improved understanding of nutrition
Chemistry
In the proximate analysis of a feedstuff, what is the residue called that remains after all the combustible material has been burned off?
Ash
There are about 19 mineral elements present in the body, probably 15 of which are essential for some aspect of life. What two minerals are found in the greatest quantity in the body?
Ca and P
The greatest concentration of minerals is found in what body tissue?
Bone
Name a monovalent ion related to acid/base balance that is found in substantial quantity in the body.
Na, K, Cl
In animals, the primary nutrient involved in structural support is _________or ______ , while in plants it is _________.
MINERALS or PROTEIN
CARBOHYDRATES (CELLULOSE) .
products arising from the processing of various plant materials (and sometimes animal) for human food or industrial purposes.
BYPRODUCTS or COPRODUCTS
In general, characterize how a plant byproduct feed compares (Higher, Lower, or about the Same) in the following nutrient classes, to its parent product: Crude Protein __ , Minerals___, Energy___
H, H, L
On a dry basis, the main constituent of a young animals body is _______while the main constituent of plants is ___________ .
Protein…. Carbohydrate
As plants mature, nutrient content and other characteristics change. For the following, which type of plant (young vs mature) is lowest for the nutrient or characteristic in question:
DM yield per unit of land
Crude fiber %
Digestibility %
Protein %
DM yield per unit of land - young, growing plant
Crude fiber % - young, growing plant
Digestibility % - mature plant
Protein % - mature plant
List 3 functions which the gastrointestinal tract performs (one extra point is available if you list 4 of the 5 that were given in class, extra credit will be given only if the first 3 are correct).
PROTECTION TRANSPORT SOLUBILIZE ABSORB EXCRETE
What type of digestion would predominate in a carnivore? What type in a herbivore?
HYDROLYTIC …. FERMENTATIVE
________ functions in the young calf prior to the establishment of adult-like ruminal fermentation. It consists of two muscular folds which, when given the proper stimulus, close to form a passage and milk thus bypasses the rumen and reticulum.
ESOPHAGEAL or RETICULAR GROOVE
There were three positive aspects of the microbial activity in the rumen (i.e. of fermentative action). Name two of those aspects.
Make the energy in cellulose available;
synthesize B vitamins; and
utilize nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) or poor-quality
dietary protein.
Carnivores and omnivores that have some degree of fermentation would accomplish that in what two areas of the GI tract?
CECUM or COLON (LI)
Which two non-GI organs are vital to digestive processes because of the digestive secretions they produce?
Liver and pancreas
What product secreted into the small intestine serves as a route of excretion for many different metallic elements, inactivated hormones, and various harmful substances as well as pigments ultimately responsible for most of the color in feces and urine?
Bile
Which hormone tends to act like a brake, inhibiting release of many other GI hormopnes?
Somatostatin
The passage of individual nutrients from the intestinal lumen into the intestinal epithelial cell and then into the blood or lymph can occur by three mechanisms. Name one.
ACTIVE TRANSPORT, PASSIVE DIFFUSION, PINOCYTOSIS
Digestion of starch actually begins in the mouth for many animals with the secretion of what enzyme in the saliva?
Amylase or ptyalin
What organ or location is responsible for the secretion of the disaccharidases (maltase, lactase, sucrase)?
Small intestine
Name two enzymes responsible for protein digestion.
Pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin
List 3 of the 9 factors given in class that affect nutrient requirements
STAGE OF GROWTH (AGE) SPECIES DIFFERENCES CONDITION OF ANIMAL -HOW MUCH FAT? RATION IMBALANCES -NUTRIENT RATIOS ACTIVITY (WORK, LACTATION, PREGNANCY) SIZE OF ANIMAL HEREDITY DISEASE ENVIRONMENT
On a percentage basis what nutrient makes up the largest portion of the mammal’s body?
Water
On a dry, fat-free basis, what is the ratio of protein to ash in the animal body?
4:1
The nature of the CHO in plant differs as to the function it serves (and, consequently, different parts of the plant are better for different animals). In grain seeds, the CHO is primarily for energy storage and it occurs as ______ , in stems, and to a lesser extent leaves, the CHO is primarily structural and occurs as _______ OR _____
Starch…….cellulose or fiber
There are 2 basic types of digestion. One involves enzymes of animal origin and is termed _______
; the other type involves microflora and is termed ________.
Hydrolytic
Fermentative
List the 4 compartments of the ruminant stomach.
RUMEN RETICULUM OMASUM ABOMASUM
The nonruminant stomach is divided into several regions that have different functions. Two of the regions have more of a protective role and secrete primarily mucin while another region of the stomach has a primary role in active digestion of feed by secreting HCl and pepsinogen. Name one of the two areas that functions more in a protective role.
CARDIAC or PYLORIC
Poultry have no teeth to perform the mechanical aspects of feed breakdown. What portion of the GI tract performs this function?
Gizzard
Name the proteolytic enzyme in calves that clots milk.
Rennin
what organ secretes bile?
Liver or gall bladder
what organ secretes the majority of the digestive enzymes?
Pancreas
Gastrin, released from the stomach, has what action/effect?
STIMULATE ACID SECRETION
Secretin, released from duodenal mucosa, has what action/effect?
STIMULATE BICARBONATE OUTPUT OF PANCREAS (IN SOME SPECIES IT
STIMULATES BILE OUTPUT)
The name of the hormone released from duodenal mucosa that enhances insulin release and induces satiety is what?
CHOLESYSTOKININ OR CCK
6 functions of water
SOLVENT TRANSPORT TEMPERATURE REGULATION RESPIRATION HYDROLYSIS LUBRICANT/CUSHION
What are the 3 sources of water for animals?
DRINKING H2O, WATER IN FEED, METABOLIC OR OXIDATION H2O
Of humans, pigs, and cattle, which species would generally excrete a higher percentage of total water via the feces?
What dietary constituent is primarily responsible for this difference?
Cattle
Fiber
Give one of the properties of water that allow it to function in thermal regulation.
HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT, HIGH THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY, HIGH LATENT HEAT OF VAPORIZATION
Usually makes up 5-10% of our body weight
Blood
Name a common indicator or ingesting e marker that is used in determining feedstuff digestible values
Cr2O3 , SiO2, Fe2O3, lignin, plant chromogens, or polyethylene
Muscle is what % water?
75
As plants mature what happens to the following nutrient characteristics:
Protein %
Digestibility
Crude fiber %
Down
Down
Up
In ruminants saliva has a very important role in ______
Buffering acids
Major buffers: bicarbonate and phosphate
Saliva stimulated by
Psychic reflex
Food in mouth
In ruminants stimulation of cardiac region of stomach by tactile stimuli
Ideal indicator
Totally indigestible/unabaorbed No pharmacological action on go tract or animal Passes through go tract at uniform rate Is easily determined or analyzed Natural constituent of the feed
Factors affecting digestibility
Species Age Physical nature of the feed Level of intake Chemical nature
Extra cellular fluid divided into
Blood plasma (confined within vascular system) and interstitial fluid (occupies space between cells)
Principle cation of extra cellular fluid
Na+
Primary cations within the cells
K+ and mg++
First step in determining nutrient requirement it to identify an
Appropriate response criterion
