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Exam #1 Flashcards

Telecommunications Overview

1
Q

Telecommunications

A
  • The science and technology of communication at a distance.

- Not broadcast (Radio/Television).

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2
Q

Signaling relay

A

-effective over a short to medium distance

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3
Q

Protocaols

A

Rules that govern network operation

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4
Q

Right of way

A

Have to have control over the land

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5
Q

weakness to The signaling relay

A

Not private, weather interference,easy to hack (insecure)

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6
Q

Message code

A

fire means help

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7
Q

Foot messenger

A

relayed messages on foot

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8
Q

Chappe’s optical telegraph

A
  • it was ran by the government (french)
  • they invested and undertook large projects
  • access to right of way
  • high fixed costs
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9
Q

Wireless Circuit

A

utilizes radiofrequency to enable the transmission.

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10
Q

Morse Telegraph

A

1844

  • Samuel Morris code
  • digital system
  • electrical based
  • not a personal communication
  • not private/ very expensive
  • provided by a monopoly (western union)
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11
Q

Links

A

transmission facilities

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12
Q

Network

A

a system of interconnected
elements.
It can be represented by a set of nodes and a
set of linksthat interconnect pairs of nodes

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13
Q

Traffic

A

the flow of information or messages through the

network

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14
Q

Station equipment

A

the interface which allows the user
to access the network—wired or wireless telephones,
computers, fax machines, alarm systems, etc., etc.

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15
Q

Circuit

A

Any line, conductor, or other conduit by which

information is transmitted.

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16
Q

Circuit Electronic

A

utilizes electrical energy to enable the

transmission.

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17
Q

Circuit Optical

A

utilizes light (photons) to enable the transmission

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18
Q

Wireless Circuit

A

utilizes radiofrequency to enable the transmission.

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19
Q

Morse Telegraph synergies with what industries?

A

Railroad and newspaper

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20
Q

Telephony

A

voice system- private after automatic switching (Strowger)
-provided on a monopoly basis

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21
Q

At&T grows

A

-service area covers 80% of households
-long distance monopoly self-dealing through western electric
documented in Walker report in 1937
-wasn’t confronted

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22
Q

Topology

A

the geometric configuration of a network–
describes the relationship of the links and nodes and stations
equipment

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23
Q

Network Design

A

 Trade-off in cost of building telecommunications networks.

 Switching vs. direct connections.

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24
Q

Switching Connections

A

goes to more than one connection

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25
Q

Direct Connection

A

pick up the phone and connects to only one line
-The general rule for number of direct
connections needed is. . .
• (n)(n - 1)/2, where n is the number of
stations
• 100 stations would require (100 x 99)/2 =
4950

26
Q

Start topology

A

each piece connected to a node has N connections one for each piece of connections

27
Q

Tree and Branch network

A

where the station equipment
is connected to a main trunk, by branch wires.
 Tree and branch is non-switched network topology

28
Q

Bus Networks

A

Two-way communications path using a a shared
communications line.
- Bus network architectures normally have some scheme of
collision handling or collision avoidance for communication
on the bus.
-no control over network, ethernet common

29
Q

Layered Networks—Internet Topology

A

1.Internet Backbone
-(National ISPs: AT&T,
Verizon, Level 3, Sprint)
2.Regional Internet Service Providers
3.Local Internet Service Providers
4. Internet Access Facilities
-PSTN CableTV Satellite Fixed Wireless
Dedicated Facilities (Linking College/Corporate Networks to the
Internet).
Physical Network Layers

30
Q

Local Internet Service Providers

A

example: frognet

31
Q

Regional Internet Service Providers

A

example: OARNet

32
Q

Internet backbone providers

A

example: AT&T, Verizon, Level3

33
Q

1949

A

Antitrust Suit

34
Q

What was the Antitrust suits goal?

A

split off western electric and AT&T stay out of non-telelphone industries

  • fizzled until 1956
  • AT&T used Sandia Lab involvement to derail the case
35
Q

1956

A

consent degree “Final Judgement”

36
Q

Consent degree “Final Judgment”

A

-AT&T would stay out of other industries
-protected the computer industry
-AT&T gave Unix Away-Inspired “open Source”
software
-accidentally helped “outside” innovation
-UNIX shows the importance of openness to improving technology.

37
Q

Another outcome of the consent degree

A
  • AT&T could not provide computers

- competition was promoted in compter industry

38
Q

Alexander Bell’s Patent Monopoly: Key Decisions

A

Lease telephone; vertical integration(produce all related products and services-Western Electric, long distance)

39
Q

Alexander Bell’s Patent Expire

A

competition, independent telephone companies, private deployment, telephone cooperatives

40
Q

Theodore Vail

A

Corporate research, new patents, long distance monopoly, refusal to interconnect, leverage network effects, universal service (compatibility, all households)

41
Q

1913 Antitrust Action: Kingsbury Commitment

A

AT&T will interconnect with independents; AT&T will stop buying independents; AT&T will divest Western Union stock. Slap on the wrist-AT&T continues to grow. Competition continued to decline, innovation was under AT&T’s control. AT&T “cooperates with government:encourages regulation; Graham-Willis Act exempts AT&T from Sherman Antitrust

42
Q

Innovation at Network Edge:

AT&T doesn’t like that people can connect stuff to their network

A

AT&T stifles innovation at the network edge: Hush-a-phone; carterphone, restrictive tariff provision; Protective Connecting Arrangements. Phone Phreakers hack AT&T’s network from the edge, using gaping security hole of “common channel signaling”

43
Q

Competition at Network Core

A

-AT&T stifles competition in the long distance market after microwave technology makes competition possible. Mircowave Communications, Inc. (MCI) battles AT&T before the FCC and federal courts for over a decade

44
Q

RBOCs battle back

A

1996 change in law opens the possibility of RBOC long distance

45
Q

1974

A

new antitrust suit filed

Goal: split off equipment and long distance resolved in 1982

46
Q

1982

A

breaks up AT&T, “Divestiture” in 1984. Splits AT&T into regional local telephone companies (RBOCS) and the long distance provider, which keeps the AT&T name. Competition in long distance and equipment was promoted. Innovation was still an “inside” approach.

47
Q

The combination of what two technologies improved the quality of their long distant services?

A

The audion and loading coils.

48
Q

What did the so-called “Kingsbury Commitment” promise?

A

It promised that AT&T would divest itself of its holdings in the telegraph company Western Union, which it had acquired in 1910. Furthermore, AT&T promised to refrain from acquiring additional independent telephone companies without approval of the Interstate Commerce Commission, and also committed to allow independent telephone companies to interconnect their networks with AT&T’s long distance network.

49
Q

What are the three key technological factors that have allowed the internet to flourish?

A
  1. Foundation of open and standardized protocols.
  2. Ability of network providers to easily interconnect their networks.
  3. Ability of end users to attach a wide variety of devices to the network.
50
Q

What is the FCC and when was it formed?

A

The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) was established in 1934. It was formed to replace the radio regulation function of the Federal Radio Commission. (FRC)

51
Q

In the 1956 settlement agreement between AT&T and the DOJ regarding AT&T monopolizing the manufacuring and sale of telephones and equipment; What were the resulting actions that AT&T had to do?

A

A):License patents and related technical information
B):Western Electric would only manufacture equipment associated with telephone service C):Stay out of any business other than common carrier communications services

52
Q

What were AT&T tariffs and what did they prohibit?

A

Legally binding documents that governed the relationship between AT&T and its customers. They prohibited any “foreign attachments” to the network.

53
Q

Quiz Questions 1

A

The Morse telegraph was the first electrical telegraph

54
Q

Western Union

A

Telegraph company emerged from the Civil War in the best shape and went on to monopolize the telegraph industry

55
Q

Quiz Question 2

A

Marconi received the world’s first patent for the transmission of mores code

56
Q

Harmonic telegraph

A

Alexander Gram Bell was working on the harmonic telegraph before he developed the telephone

57
Q

Theodore Vail

A

Theodore Vail DID NOT file a caveat or patent related to the telephone

58
Q

When the Bell patents expired, what was the characterization of the status of telephone service?

A

Mainly provided in urban areas

59
Q

Quesion 3

A

The government DID NOT initially own all telephone facilities in the U.S.

60
Q

Question 4

A

Railroads DID NOT fight the development of the telegraph. The telegraph helped the railroad

61
Q

If a network exhibits a hierarchy:

A

some nodes are always logically above other nodes

62
Q

Which of the following best describes traffic on a telecommunications network?

A

The information that is sent over a network

ITS (7 decks)

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