Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

anatomy exam 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

all cells are comprised of

A

Membrane
Genetic Material
Cytosolic Fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Provides support/
integrity for other
tissues/organs
• Has varied cell
arrangement, order

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

EPITHELIAL Tissue

A

Lines walls of open tubes
• Provides secretory and
absorptive surfaces
Basal
Apical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

MUSCLE Tissue

A

Generates mechanical
force
• Includes:
Skeletal (voluntary)
Smooth (involuntary)
Cardiac (involuntary)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

NERVOUS tissue

A

Glia provide protection,
nourishment and
support to nerve cells
• Nerves provide long-
distance communication
within the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Integumentary

A

Skin, hair, nails, sweat, oil glands
Protection/defense/body temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Endocrine

A

Hormone-secreting glands (e.g. thyroid)
Coordination of body functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Reproductive

A

Female: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina,
mammary tissue
Male: testes, penis, vas deferens, glands
Production of reproductive components and support
for developing fetus (female)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Nervous

A

Brain, spinal cord, nerves
Detection and coordination of response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Immune/Lymphatic

A

Lymphoid tissue, spleen, various cell types, thymus
Defense against pathogens; fluid balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cardiovascular

A

Heart, blood vessels, blood
Movement of blood throughout body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Respiratory

A

Nasal passages, trachea, lungs
Oxygen and carbon dioxide regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Urinary

A

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
Filtration of blood and removal of waste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Musculoskeletal

A

Bone, skeletal muscle, cartilage, tendons, ligaments
Movement, support/protection, blood formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Digestive

A

Mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, liver,
gall bladder, pancreas, intestines
Breakdown of food, nutrient absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

THORACIC CAVITY

A

Contains the trachea, bronchi,
lungs, esophagus,
mediastinum, heart, thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

PERICARDIAL CAVITY

A

Contains the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY

A

Below the diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

CRANIAL CAVITY

A

Contains the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

SPINAL CAVITY

A

Contains the spinal
cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

PLEURAL CAVITY

A

Contains each
lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

DORSAL CAVITY

A

Contains the skull and
vertebral column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

ABDOMINAL CAVITY

A

Contains the stomach, liver, gall bladder,
pancreas, spleen, small intestine, most of large
intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

PELVIC CAVITY

A

Contains the end of the large intestine,
rectum, urinary bladder, reproductive organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

TRANSVERSE SECTION
(horizontal)

A

Divides body into upper
and lower sections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

CORONAL SECTION
(frontal)

A

Divides body into anterior
and posterior sections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

SAGITTAL SECTION

A

Divides body into left and
right sections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

MIDSAGITTAL SECTION

A

Divides body into left
and right sections at
the midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

HOMEOSTASIS

A

The processes that
maintain steady
conditions within the
human body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

HOMEOSTATIC SET
POINTS

A

Established thresholds
required for physiological
processes to maintain
balance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Insulin regulation is an example of

A

a negative feedback control system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

A

The outcome of the
feedback loop is a return
to the homeostatic set
point.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

POSITIVE FEEDBACK

A

The physiological
response elicited by the
stimulus acts to increase
the original stimulus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Feedback mechanisms

A

maintain fluid
compartment volumes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

HYDROSTATIC
PRESSURE

A

Pressure exerted on the
wall of a vessel due to
fluid volume.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

COLLOID OSMOTIC
PRESSURE

A

Pressure exerted by proteins
(e.g. albumin) on a vessel’s
plasma.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Acylglycerol

A

Long-term energy storage

38
Q

Phospholipid

A

Primary component of lipid
membranes

39
Q

Steroid

A

Chemical messenger +
structural component

40
Q

Wax

A

Protective barrier

41
Q

CHROMOSOME

A

condensed, supercoiled
DNA conformation

42
Q

EUCHROMATIN

A

DNA loosely coiled up
around histones
- Open to gene expression

43
Q

HETEROCHROMATIN

A

DNA tightly coiled up
around histones
- Not actively expressed

44
Q

Exocytosis is regulated by

A

v-SNAREs and t-SNAREs

45
Q

Transport of molecules along1

A

concentration gradients

46
Q

SIMPLE DIFFUSION

A

direct movement of a solute across the semi-permeable membrane

47
Q

OSMOSIS

A

movement of water across a membrane due to imbalance in solute concentrations

48
Q

FACILITATED DIFFUSION

A

movement of impermeable solutes using transport proteinsi

49
Q

AUTOCRINE

A

Soluble chemical messenger is ENDOCRINE
secreted by and binds to the
SAME cell

50
Q

PARACRINE

A

Signal is
received by
a NEARBY
cell

51
Q

ENDOCRINE

A

Signal is
received by
a DISTANT
cell

52
Q

Characteristics of epithelial tissues

A

Tightly packed
Organized assembly
Exhibit polarity
High regenerative

53
Q

SIMPLE

A

single layer of cells

54
Q

STRATIFIED

A

2 or more layers of cells

55
Q

PSEUDOSTRATIFIED

A

single layer of cells that appears as more due to nuclei placements

56
Q

SQUAMOUS

A

flat, scale-like

57
Q

CUBOIDAL

A

box-like

58
Q

COLUMNAR

A

tall, rectangle-shaped

59
Q

simple squamous epithelia

A

Single layer of flat, disc-like cells
•Flattened nuclei
•Functions as surface for filtration and diffusion

Air sacs of lung
•Glomeruli
•Blood vessel and capillary lumens
•Body cavity linings

60
Q

simple cuboidal epithelia

A

Single layer of cube-like cells
•Large, round nuclei
•Responsible for secretion and absorption

Ducts and glands
•Kidney tubules
•Ovary
•Thyroid

61
Q

simple columnar epithelia

A

Single layer of tall, rectangular cells
•Elongated nuclei
•Microvilli (absorption) and cilia (propulsion) common on apical surface
•Function in absorption (digestive tract) and secretion (mucous, reproduction)

Digestive tract lining
•Respiratory tract lining

62
Q

pseudostratified columnar epithelia

A

Single layer of columnar cells of different heights
•Nuclei appear at different heights
•Have appearance of multiple layers
•Function in secretion and propulsion (can be ciliated)

Male sperm duct
•Respiratory tract
•Large glands

63
Q

stratified squamous epithelia

A

Multiple layers of squamous cells on a basement membrane
•Surface cells are dead, flat and keratinized
•Basal cells are cube-shaped and mitotically active
•Form protection against abrasion and damage for tissue underneath

Skin
•Lining of esophagus
•Lining of vagina
•Lining of mouth

64
Q

stratified cuboidal/columnar epithelia

A

Two or more layers of cuboidal or columnar cells
•Function in secretion

Male sperm duct
•Sweat and mammary glands (cuboidal)
•Pharynx (cuboidal)
•Male urethra (cuboidal)

65
Q

transitional epithelia

A

Appears to be stratified squamous or cuboidal
•Basal cells are cuboidal
•Surface cells are rounded/squamous
•Stretch permitted, enabling storage of urine

Lining of urinary tracts, including
➢Ureter
➢Bladder
➢Urethra

66
Q

Characteristics of connective tissues

A

Protection
Structural support
Energy storage/insulation
Transporting substances

67
Q

COLLAGEN

A

Most abundant fiber type in connective tissue
•Assemble into cross-linked fibrils; bundle into thick, rope-like fibers
•Resist tension

68
Q

ELASTIN

A

Long, branched fiber
•Can stretch and recoil
•Provides flexibility to tissues

69
Q

RETICULIN

A

Short, thin collagenous fibers
•Assemble into a mesh-like network
•Provide greater degree of movement than collagen fibers

70
Q

areolar

A

Loosely-packed assembly of all fiber types, fibroblasts and immune cells
•Main function: cushions organs
•Also contains key immune mediators to fight off infections (WBCs, macrophages)

71
Q

adipose

A

Matrix crowded by tightly-packed adipocytes
•Serves to insulate and protect organs
•Provides energy storage depot

72
Q

reticular

A

Meshwork of reticular fibers loosely-organized
•Forms a flexible meshwork
•Supports tissue and immune cells

Lymph nodes
•Bone marrow
•Splenic pulp

73
Q

regular

A

Fibroblasts embedded within a regularly-
ordered assembly of collagen fibers
• Functions to resist pulling stress
Attaches muscles to bone (tendon)
• Attaches bone to bone (ligament)

74
Q

irregular

A

Irregularly-arranged collagen fibers with
fibroblasts embedded within
• Resists force in many directions
Dermis
• Joint capsules
• Underlying epithelial linings such as in the
digestive tract

75
Q

elastic

A

Dense regular connective tissue enriched
with elastin fibers
• Ordered arrangement of elastin
• Allows for stretch and recoil of tissue
Walls of arteries
• Walls of bronchial tubes
• Some ligaments

76
Q

hyaline

A

Flexible, firm gel matrix secreted by
chondroblasts
• Chondroblasts become embedded in
lacunae (mature: chondrocytes)
• Functions to cushion, support and
reinforce other tissues and organs
Nose
• Trachea
• Ribs
• Ends of long bones
• Embryonic skeleton

77
Q

elastic (cartilage)

A

Same organization as hyaline cartilage
• Enriched with elastin fibers
• Has greater degree of flexibility and
stretch
• Allows for tissue to return to original
shape
Outer ear
• Epiglottis

78
Q

fibrocartilage

A

Firm hyaline matrix, with more organized
collagen fibers
• Resists compressive force
Components of joints with limited
flexibility, like intervertebral discs
• Menisci
• Pubic symphysis

79
Q

blood

A

Erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets
within a plasma matrix
• Primary function: transport of oxygen,
carbon dioxide, nutrients and other
dissolved molecules throughout the body
Contained within arteries, veins and
capillaries

80
Q

bone

A

Calcified collagen matrix with embedded
osteocytes
• Cross talk among osteocytes
• High degree of vascularity
• Functions in calcium storage, attachment
for muscles
• Spongy bone contains marrow, stem cells
for blood formation
Skeleton

81
Q

skeletal muscle

A

Elongated myotubes formed from fused
cells
• Multinucleated
• Striations visible
• Function in voluntary skeletal movement
Attached to bones

82
Q

cardiac muscle

A

Elongated myotubes with greater degree
of branching
• Specialized cell junctions (intercalated
discs, gap junctions present) seen as deep
red margins between cells
• Individual or two nuclei evident
• Striations visible
• Ensure flow of blood to all body tissues
Heart wall only

83
Q

smooth muscle

A

Spindle-shaped cells with central nucleus
• Found in layers that form sheets
• Can provide force (e.g. during uterine
contractions)
• Can accommodate stretch (e.g. digestive
system)
Walls of hollow organs

84
Q

NEURONS

A

Receive sensory information and carry it
to the brain
• Transmit motor impulses from brain to
effector organs
• Form synapses with one another
Brain
• Spinal cord
• Cranial and peripheral nerves

85
Q

GLIAL CELLS

A

Provide structural support, protection
and nourishment for neurons in the brain
and spinal cord

86
Q

INFLAMMATION

A

White blood cells,
clotting factors
enter damage site
• Clotting factors
form blood clot
(scab)

87
Q

REGENERATION

A

Fibroblasts lay down
temporary ECM
• New capillaries grow
• Epithelium forms
new tissue layer

88
Q

FIBROSIS

A

Scab falls off
• Scar may be visible
depending on
severity of tissue
damage

89
Q

Apoptosis

A

programmed cell death of
damaged or unnecessary cells

90
Q

Stem cells

A

have unlimited mitotic
cell division capacity

anatomy exam 1 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions