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A&P 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

The structure of the body parts and their relationship to one another

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2
Q

Physiology

A

How the body parts work (function) and the activities they carry out.

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3
Q

Homeostasis

A

The stable equilibrium of the body

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4
Q

Positive Feedback

A

The output enhances the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated BEFORE returning to their equalized state

Ex: Mother Breastfeeding
Stimulus - Baby suckling (Sent to Hypothalumus)
Hypothalymus signals the posterior pituary to release oxytocin
Effector: Breast is stimulated to eject breast milk.

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5
Q

Negative Feedback

A

The output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or reduces its intensity

Ex: Body Thermal Regulation
Stimulus: Exercise raises body temp above normal
Sensory Receptors in skin detects heat
Hypothalymus of the brain compares sensory input to the normal body temp
Effectors: Blood vessels in skin dialate, sweat glands sweat (when evaporated - cools skin surface)
Body temp returns to normal

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6
Q

Anatomical Position

A

Body Erect
Feet Apart
Palms Forward
Thumb Away From Body

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7
Q

List The Anatomical Regions

A

Axial
Appendicular
Cephalic
Cervical
Thoracic
Abdominal
Pelvic
Upper Extremity
Lower Extremity
Manus
Pedal

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8
Q

Cephalic

A

head

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9
Q

Frontal

A

Forehead

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10
Q

Orbital

A

Eye

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11
Q

Buccal

A

Cheek

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12
Q

Nasal

A

Nose

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13
Q

Oral

A

Mouth

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14
Q

Mental

A

Chin

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15
Q

Axilary

A

Armpit

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16
Q

Mammary

A

Breast

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17
Q

Pectoral

A

Chest

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18
Q

Sternal

A

Sternum

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19
Q

Cervical

A

Neck

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20
Q

Abdominal

A

Abdomen

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21
Q

Coxal

A

Hip

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22
Q

Inguinal

A

Groin

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23
Q

Deltoid

A

Shoulder

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24
Q

Scapular

A

Shoulder BLADE

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25
Q

Brachial

A

Arm

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26
Q

Antecubital

A

Front of Elbow

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27
Q

Antebrachial

A

Forearm

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28
Q

Carpal

A

Wrist

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29
Q

Palmar

A

Palm

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30
Q

Digital

A

Finger or Toe

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31
Q

Femoral

A

Thigh

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32
Q

Patellar

A

Kneecap

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33
Q

Popliteal

A

Back of Knee

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34
Q

Crural

A

Leg

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35
Q

Tarsal

A

Ankle

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36
Q

Pes

A

Foot

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37
Q

Sural

A

Calf

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38
Q

Calcaneal

A

Heel

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39
Q

Plantar Surface

A

Sole of Foot

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40
Q

Olecranal

A

Elbow

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41
Q

Dorsom of the hand

A

Top of Hand

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42
Q

Dorsom of the Foot

A

Top of Foot

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43
Q

Manus

A

Hand

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44
Q

Crainal-Region

A

Surrounding the brain

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45
Q

Occipital

A

Back of Head

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46
Q

Auricular

A

Ear

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47
Q

Vertebral (Region of The Body)

A

Spinal Column

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48
Q

Lumbar

A

Lower Back

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49
Q

Gluteal

A

Buttock

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50
Q

Sacral

A

Sacrum

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51
Q

Perineal

A

The area between the anus and the exterior reproductive body part (vagina in females, penis in males

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52
Q

Transverse

A

Divides the body horizontally into superior and inferior

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53
Q

Coronal (Frontal)

A

Divides the body into anterior and posterior

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54
Q

Sagital (Midsagital)

A

Divides the body down the midline

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55
Q

Sagital (Parasagital)

A

Divided down lateral to the midline into right and left parts

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56
Q

Superior

A

Towards the head

Ex: The heart is superior to the abdomen (The heart is higher up in the body than the abdomen)

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57
Q

Inferior

A

Away from the head

Ex: The navel is inferior to the chin (the navel is lower than the chin)

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58
Q

Anterior

A

Towards the front of the body

The Breastbone is anterior to the spine (the breastbone is in front of the spine)

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59
Q

Posterior

A

Towards the back of the body

The heart is posterior to the breastbone (the heart is behind the breastbone)

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60
Q

Medial

A

Towards or at the midline of the body

The heart is medial to the arms (The heart is towards the middle of the body from where the arms extend)

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61
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline of the body

The arms are LATERAL to the chest (The arms are parallel to where the chest is, but towards the outside of the body)

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62
Q

Intermediate

A

Between a more medial and more lateral structure

The collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder

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63
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

The elbow is proximal to the wrist (The elbow is closer to the shoulder joint than the wrist)

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64
Q

Distal

A

Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

The knee is distal to the thigh (The knee is farther from the hip joint than the thigh is)

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65
Q

Superficial (external)

A

Toward or at the body surface

The skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles (the skin is closer to the surface than the muscles are)

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66
Q

Deep (Internal)

A

Away from the body surface

The lungs are deep to the skin (the lungs are farther away from the surface than the skin)

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67
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Same side of the body

Right Leg and Right Arm

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68
Q

Contralateral

A

On the opposite side of the body

The Right Arm and Left Leg

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69
Q

Posterior OR Dorsal Cavity

A

Protects the nervous system
- Cranial
- Vertebral/Spinal

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70
Q

Anterior Ventral Cavity

A

Houses the internal organs (viscera)
- Thoracic Cavity
- Abdominopelvic Cavity

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71
Q

Cranial Cavity

A

The Skull/Brain

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72
Q

Vertebral Cavity

A

Spinal Cord

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73
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A

Mediastinum
Pleural
Pericardial

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74
Q

Abdominal Cavity

A

Digestive Viscera (Organs) such as the stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver

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75
Q

Pelvic Cavity

A

Urinary Bladder, Reproductive Organs, and Rectum

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76
Q

Mediastinum

A

Contains the pericardial cavity and surrounds all thoracic organs

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77
Q

Pleural

A

Houses one lung per cavity (there are two)

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78
Q

Pericardial

A

Encloses the Heart

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79
Q

Parietal Membranes

A

Line the Body Cavity

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80
Q

Visceral Membrane

A

Covers an Organ Within the Parietal Membrane

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81
Q

Lung Lining

A

Pleura

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82
Q

Heart Lining

A

Pericardium

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83
Q

Abdomen Lining

A

Peritoneum

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84
Q

Abdominopelvic Quadrants (Four)

A

RUQ
LUQ
RLQ
LLQ

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85
Q

Abdominopelvic Regions

A

Right Hypochondriac
Epigastric
Left Hypochondriac
Right Lumbar
Umbilical
Left Lumbar
Right Iliac
Hypogastric
Left Iliac

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86
Q

Acromial

A

Bony tip of the outer edge of your shoulder blade (scapula) that comes off the top of the back side of this bone

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87
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

An active barrier separates intracellular and extracellular fluid.

Consists of a phospholipid bilayer as well as glycolipids and cholesterol

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88
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Sugars on the surface of a cell

The glycoproteins and glycolipids on the surface of the cell give the cell an identity

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89
Q

Passive Membrane Transport

A

No energy is required to move substances across cell membranes

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90
Q

The types of Passive Membrane Transport

A

Diffusion
- Simple Diffusion
- Facilitated Diffusion
- Osmosis

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91
Q

Diffusion

A

Molecules move from an area of high concentration to low concentration within the body

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92
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

Nonpolar and lipid soluble moleculesdiffuse directly

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93
Q

Facilitated Difusion

A

Molecules pass with carriers or through channels

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94
Q

Osmosis

A

The diffusion of water from an area of high to low concentration

Water ALWAYS Wants to Dilute

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95
Q

Tonicity

A

The ability of a solution to change the shape of cells by altering their internal water volume.

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96
Q

Isotonic

A

The same concentration inside and outside of the cell

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97
Q

Hypotonic

A

Contains a LOWER concentration of nonpenetrating solutes than are present inside of the cell

Swells

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98
Q

Hypertonic

A

Contains a HIGHER concentration of nonpenetrating solutes than are present inside of the cell

Shrinks/Shrivels

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99
Q

Active Transport

A

Moves solutes AGAINST their concentration gradient (from low to high)

Requires ATP

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100
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The cellular material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

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101
Q

What makes up the cytoplasm?

A

Cytosol
Organelles
Inclusions

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102
Q

What are the common organelles?

A

Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Golgi Apparatus
Peroxisomes
Microtubules
Microfilaments
Intermediate Filaments
Centrioles
Nucleus
Nuclear Envelope
Nucleolus
Cilia
Microvilli

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103
Q

Nucleus

A

The control center of the cell is responsible for transmitting genetic information and providing instructions for protein synthesis

Contains the nuclear envelope, nucleolus, and chromatin

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104
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

Separates the nucleoplasm from the cytoplasm and regulates the passage of substances to and from the nucleus

Has ribosomes on surface

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105
Q

Nucleolus

A

The site of ribosome subunit manufacture

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106
Q

Mitochondria

A

Site of ATP Synthesis –> POWERHOUSE of the cell

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107
Q

Ribosomes

A

The site of protein synthesis

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108
Q

Rough ER

A

T/he site of synthesis of proteins that will be secreted outside of the cell.

Sugar groups are attached to proteins within the cisterns

Proteins are bound in vesicles for transport to the Golgi and other sites

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109
Q

Smooth ER

A

Site of lipid and steroid (cholesterol) synthesis, lipid metabolism, and drug detoxification

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110
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Packages, modifies, and segregates proteins for secretion from the cell, inclusion in lysosomes, and incorporation into the plasma membrane.

111
Q

Peroxisomes

A

The enzymes detoxify a number of toxic substances

Ex: Catalase breaks down H2O2

112
Q

What are the four primary tissue types?

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

113
Q

Epithelial Tissue-What-Does-It-Do?

A

Covers

114
Q

Connective tissue-What-Does-It-Do?

A

Supports

115
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

Produces movement

116
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Controls

117
Q

Histology

A

The study of tissues

118
Q

How do we classify epithelial tissue?

A

Simple or Stratified

119
Q

Simple epithelium

A

One row where everything touches the basement membrane

120
Q

Stratified epithelium

A

Multiple layers, some cells touch the basement membrane some touch each other

121
Q

Pseudostratified

A

Seems to have several rows, but all cells touch the basement membrane

ONLY IN COLUMNAR

122
Q

What are the epithelial cell shapes?

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar

123
Q

Squamous

A

Thin, flat, and scaly shaped

Location:
- Lines the esophagus
- Forms the epidermis
- Kidney
- Heart
- Lining of Ventral Body Cavity

124
Q

Cuboidal

A

Squarish-looking in frontal tissues with equal height and width

Location:
- Liver Cells
- Kidney Tubules
- Small Glands (Mammary)

125
Q

Columnar

A

Cells that are taller than they are wide

Ex: Inner lining cells of the stomach and intestines

126
Q

Simple Squamous

A

A single layer of flat ovoid cells

Diffusion and Filtration

Lung, Kidney, Heart, Lining of Ventral Body Cavity

127
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A

A single layer of cube-like cells

Secretion and Absorption

Kidney Tubules, Small Glands, Ovary Surface

128
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

A single layer of rectangle cells

Absorption, Secretion of Mucus, Enzymes, and Other Substances, Ciliated Type Propels Mucus

Non-Ciliated –> Lining of most of the digestive tract
Cilated –> Small Bronchi, Uterine Tubes

129
Q

Cilia

A

hair-like appendages attached to eukaryotic cells that provide locomotion, propel mucus

130
Q

Microvilli

A

Tiny projections that exist in, on, and around cells

Function: absorption
Location: of the small intestines

131
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

A

A single layer of cells of differing heights (nucleus seen at different levels)

Secretes substances, Primarily Mucus

Non-Ciliated -> Sperm-Carrying Ducts, Ducts of Large Glands
Ciliated –> Lines the Trachea

132
Q

Transitional Epithelium

A

A peculiar stratified squamous epithelium formed of round cells with the ability to slide over one another

Only found in the urinary system organs

Allows organs to stretch

133
Q

Stratified Squamous

A

Several Layers
Protective Role
Found in areas subject to wear and tear (ESOPHAGUS and SKIN)

134
Q

Stratified Cuboidal

A

Rare in the body
2 Layers of Cuboidal Cells
Found in ducts of sweat and mammary glands

135
Q

Stratified Columnar

A

Limited amount in the body

The lining of the pharynx, male urethra, and glandular ducts

136
Q

What are the four types of connective tissue?

A

Connective Tissue Proper
Cartilage
Bone
Blood

137
Q

Types of Connective tissue Proper

A

Loose
Dense
Adipose

138
Q

Loose Connective Tissue

A

Mainly ground substance (empty space)
- Areolar Tissue
- Reticular Tissue

139
Q

Areolar Tissue

A

Fibers run in different directions
Mostly collagenous with an abundance of open, fluid-filled space

Function: Wraps and Cushions Organs, IMPORTANT IN INFLAMMATION

Skin!

140
Q

Reticular Tissue

A

The loose network of reticular fibers in gel-like ground substances.

Forms the structural framework (stroma) of organs such as the lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow

Lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen)

141
Q

Dense Connective Tissue

A

Mainly Fibers
- Regular
- Irregular

142
Q

Adipose Tissue

A

Tissue in which adipocytes are the dominant cell type

Function-Provides-reserve-food-fuel

Location: Undersubcutaneous tissue, insulates against heat-loss

143
Q

Cartilage

A

Relatively stiff connective tissue with a flexible rubbery matrix

Produced by Chondroblasts

Rarely exhibits blood vessels

144
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage

145
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

Clear and Glassy

Contains chondrocytes

JOINTS

146
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

Contains lacunae, Chondrocytes, and Elastic Fibers

Walls of large arteries, within the walls of bronchial tubes, the EXTERNAL EAR

147
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Coarse, Readily Visible Bundles of Collagen
Tensile-Strength
VERTEBRAL DISKS

148
Q

What are the two types of Bone (Osseous tissue)?

A

Spongy
Compact

149
Q

Compact Bone

A

Denser calcified tissue with no spaces visible to the naked eye

Involves the Haversian canal (Where blood vessels are, the circle in the middle of a bone)

LOOKS LIKE WOOD

150
Q

Spongy Bone

A

Calcified and Hard, its delicate slivers and plates give it a spongy appearance

151
Q

Cartilage Cells

A

Chondroblasts
Chondrocytes

152
Q

Chondroblasts

A

Baby immature Cartilage cells

153
Q

Chondrocytes

A

Mature Cartilage Cells

154
Q

Osteoblast

A

Baby immature bone cells

155
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature Bone Cells

156
Q

Osteoclast

A

Breaking Down of Bone

157
Q

Adipose Tissue Cell

A

Adipocytes

158
Q

Blood’s Function in the Body

A

Only fluid connective tissue

Its function is to transport substances

159
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

160
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

Long cylindrical, multinuclear cell, with obvious striations

Voluntary Movement

SKELETAL = (FISH) SCALES

161
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

Branching, striated, uninucleate, cells that interdigitate at junctions

Involuntary Control

Function - As it contracts it propels blood into circulation

Location - Walls of the heart

162
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

Spindle Shaped (elongated) cells with central nuclei; no striations; cells form sheets

Function: Propels substances or objects

Involuntary Control

Location - Walls of Hollow Organs

163
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Branching Cells

Function: Transmission of electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors

Location: Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerves

164
Q

Supine Position

A

Laying Facing Upward

165
Q

Prone Position

A

Laying Facing Downwards

166
Q

What Are The Organ Systems?

A

Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscle
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Respriatory
Urinary
Digestive
Reproductive

167
Q

Integumentary System

A

Forms external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury.

Synthesizes Vitamin D

Contains important glands for pain, pressure, etc as well as sweat and oil glands

168
Q

Integumentary System Organs

A

Skin
Hair
Nails

169
Q

Skeletal System

A

Protects and supports body organs while also providing a framework for the muscles used to cause movement.

Blood cells are created through here and bones store minerals

170
Q

Skeletal System Organs

A

Joints
Bones

171
Q

Muscular System

A

Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression.

Maintains posture and produces heat

172
Q

Muscle System Organs

A

Skeletal Muscles

173
Q

Nervous System

A

As the fast-acting control system of
the body, it responds to internal and
external changes by activating
appropriate muscles and glands

174
Q

Nervous System Organs

A

Dorsal Cavity (Brain and Spinal Cord)
Nerves

175
Q

Endocrine System

A

Glands secrete hormones that
regulate processes such as growth,
reproduction, and nutrient use
(metabolism) by body cells.

176
Q

Endocrine System Organs

A

Thyroid Glands
Pituitary Glands
Pineal Glands
Pancreas
Adrenal Glands
Thymus
Ovaries
Testis

177
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

Blood vessels transport blood,
which carries oxygen, carbon
dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.
The heart pumps blood

178
Q

Cardiovasular Organs

A

Heart and Blood Vessels

179
Q

Lymphatic System

A

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and
returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the
lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells
(lymphocytes) involved in immunity.
The immune response mounts the attack
against foreign substances within the body.

180
Q

Lymphatic System Organs

A

Spleen
Lymph Nodes
Red Bone Marrow
Thymus
Thoracic Duct
Lymphatic Vessels

181
Q

Respriatory System

A

Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen
and removes carbon dioxide. The gaseous
exchanges occur through the walls of the air
sacs of the lungs

182
Q

Respriatory System Organs

A

Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Lung
Trachea
Bronchus

183
Q

Urinary System

A

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body.
Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base
balance of the blood

184
Q

Urinary System Organs

A

Kidney
Ureter
Urinary Bladder
Urethra

185
Q

Digestive System

A

Breaks down food into absorbable units
that enter the blood for distribution to
body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are
eliminated as feces.

186
Q

Digestive System Organs

A

Oral Cavity
Esophagus
Liver
Stomach
Intestines
Rectum
Anus

187
Q

Reproductive System

A

Overall function is production of offspring.

188
Q

Reproductive System Organs

A

Penis
Testis
Scrotum
Ductus Deferens
Prostate
Mammary Glands
Uterus
Vagina
Ovary
Uterine Tubes

189
Q

What are the levels of organization in biology?

A

Cell -> Tissue -> Organ -> Organ System -> Organism

190
Q

Axial Region

A

Head
Neck
Trunk

191
Q

Appendicular

A

Appendages (Limbs)

192
Q

Serousa (Serous Membrane)

A

A double-layered membrane that covers surfaces in the ventral body.

Filled with Serous Fluid

193
Q

What organs are located in the RUQ?

A

Liver
Right Kidney
Gall Bladder
Colon
Pancreas

194
Q

What organs are located in the LUQ?

A

Stomach
Left Kidney
Spleen
Colon
Pancreas

195
Q

What organs are located in the RLQ?

A

Appendix
Colon
Small Intestine
Ureter
Ovaries
Uterus

196
Q

What organs are located in the LLQ?

A

Ovaries
Uterus
Ureter
Small Intestine

197
Q

What organs are in the right hypochondriac region?

A

Liver
Gallbladder

198
Q

What organs are in the left hypochondriac?

A

Spleen
Left Kidney
Stomach
Pancreas
Colon

199
Q

What organs are in the epigastric?

A

Stomach
Liver
Pancreas
Spleen
Adrenal Glands

200
Q

What organs are in the left lumbar region?

A

Descending colon
Left Kidney
Spleen

201
Q

What organs are in the umbilical region?

A

Small Intestine
Transverse Colon
Bottom portions of the right and left kidney

202
Q

What organs are part of the right iliac

A

Appendix

203
Q

What organs are in the left iliac?

A

Descending colon
Sigmoid Colon

204
Q

What organs are in the hypogastric region?

A

Bladder
Sigmoid Colon
Anus
Uterus
Ovaries
Prostate

205
Q

What part of the plasma membrane is hydrophobic and hydrophilic?

A

Hydrophilic Head
Hydrophobic Tail

206
Q

How does cholesterol affect the fluidity of membranes

A

Reduces membrane fluidity at moderate temps.

At low temps, it hinders solidification

207
Q

What are the functions of membrane proteins?

A

Transport
Enzymatic Activity
Intercellular Joining
Cell-Cell Recognition
Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
Receptors for signal transduction

208
Q

What is the sodium potassium pump?

A

Na+ is pumped out of the cell and K+ is pumped back into the cell

209
Q

What is secondary active transport/coupled transport?

A

Energy is obtained INDIRECTLY from ionic gradients
Low Na+ concentration that is maintained inside the cell by the Sodium Potassium Pump strengthens sodium’s drive to enter the cell

Na+ an drag other molecules with it as it flows into the cell with carrier proteins)

210
Q

What solutes require secondary active transport to transport aross the membrane?

A

Some sugars, amino acids, and ions

211
Q

Vesticular active transport

A

Involves the transport of large particles, macromolecules, and fluids across membranes in vesicles

212
Q

What are the many types of vesicular transport?

A

Endocytosis
Transcytosis
Vesicular Trafficking
Exocytosis

213
Q

Endocytosis

A

Transports INTO the cell

214
Q

What are the three types of endocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

215
Q

Exocytosis

A

Transport OUT of the cell

216
Q

Vesicular Trafficking

A

Transport from one area or organelle in a cell to another

217
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Takes in fluids and solutes

Cell Drinking

218
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Takes in larger substances such as bacteria

Cell Eating

219
Q

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

A

The way that a membrane imports macromolecules

220
Q

Membrane Potential

A

The difference in voltage (electrical potential) between the inside and outside of the cell.

Caused by the unequal concentration and permeability of ions across a membrane

Changes in the membrane elicit action potentials (electrical signals)  send messages around the body

221
Q

If there is a potential difference across the cell membrane –> the membrane is said to be

A

Polarized

222
Q

If the membrane potential becomes more POSITIVE than it is at the resting potential, the membrane is said to be what?

A

Depolarized

223
Q

If the membrane potential beomes more NEGATIVE than it is at the resting potential, the membrane is said to be what?

A

Hyperpolarized

224
Q

Flagella

A

Largest projections that are only found in sperm cells

225
Q

Cell Cycle

A

Interphase + Mitosis

226
Q

Interphase

A

Metabolic Phase

G1 –> Growth
S –> Synthesis of DNA and Growth
G2 –> Growth and Final Prep for Division

227
Q

Mitosis

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

228
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes Condense

229
Q

Preprometaphase

A

Chromosomes Attach Together

230
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes Line Up At Equator

231
Q

Anaphase

A

Sister Chromatids Separate (Become the chromosomes of the daughter nuclei)

232
Q

Teleophase

A

Chromosomes Relax and Cell Pinches In The Middle

233
Q

Protein Synthesis Involves What Two Processes?

A

Transcription and Translation

234
Q

Transcription

A

Copying DNA sequences to make an messanger RNA molecule

235
Q

Translation

A

mRNA deoded to assemble polypeptides

236
Q

Cytokinesis

A

The division of the cytoplasm to form the daughter cells

237
Q

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

A

Parallel collagen fibers with a few elastic fibers

Function: Attaches muscles to bones and bones to bones

Location: Tendons, and Most Ligaments

238
Q

Dense Irregular

A

Primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers

Function: Withstand tension exerted in many directions

Location: Fibrous capsules of organs and joints. The dermis of the skin

239
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

An elaborate network of rods that run throughout the cytosol
• Hundreds of different kinds of proteins link rods to other cell structures
• Also act as cell’s “bones, ligaments, and muscle” by
playing a role in the movement of cell components

240
Q

What are the three types of cytoskeleton?

A

Microfilaments
Intermediate Filaments
Microtubules

241
Q

Microfilaments

A

Strengthen cell surface and helps to resist compression

242
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

Helps the cell resist pulling forces

243
Q

Microtubules

A

Determine overall shape of cell and organelle distribution

244
Q

Centrosomes/Centrioles

A

Microtubule organizing center, aid in cell division, and some form cytoskeletal track system

Form the basis of cilia and flagella

245
Q

Proteasomes

A

Protein complexes that degrade unneeded or damaged proteins

246
Q

Lysosomes

A

A membrane-bound cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes.

They break down excess or worn-out cell parts. They may be used to destroy invading viruses and bacteria

247
Q

Fibroblasts Are Found Where?

A

Connective Tissue

248
Q

What makes up the integumentary system?

A

Skin
Hair
Nails
Sweat Glands
Sebaceous (oil) glands

249
Q

What are the functions of the skin?

A

Protection
Barrier Functions (To UV, Water, Etc)
Metabolic Functions (Vitamin D Synthesis)
Sensation
Thermoregulation
Nonverbal Communication (Facial Expressions)

250
Q

Structure of the Skin

A

Epidermis
Dermis

251
Q

Epidermis

A

Superficial Region

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

AVASCULAR

252
Q

Dermis

A

Underlies Epidermis

Most fibrous connective tissue

VASCULAR

Top –> Areolar Tissue (Papillary Layer)
Bottom –> Dense Irregular (Reticular Layer)

253
Q

Hypodermis

A

Superficial Fascia

Subcutaneous layer deep to skin

NOT part of the skin, but shares functions

Mostly adipose tissue

Anchors the skin to underlying structures

254
Q

Cells Found In The Epidermis

A

Stem Cells
Keratinocytes
Melanocyes
Dedritic
Tactile

255
Q

Stem Cells

A

Undifferentiated cells that divide and give rise to the keratinocytes

256
Q

Melanocytes

A

Produce the pigment melanin

257
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Produce keratin (protective protein)

258
Q

Dendritic

A

Produces Macrophages (immune cells)

259
Q

Tactile

A

Sensory Receptors (touch)

260
Q

Layers of the Epidermis

A

Stratum Corneum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Basale

261
Q

Stratum Basale

A

One Layer
Cells that actively divide
10-25% melanocytes
Where stem cells are located

262
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A

8-10 Prickly Layers

Produce more keratin filaments which causes cell to flatten

263
Q

Stratum Grandulosum

A

3-5 Layers

Keratinization Begins
Cells above this die

264
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A

2-3 Layers

Flat, Dead Keratinocytes

Only in thick skin

265
Q

Stratum Corneum

A

20-30 layers

Cells are flat and keratinized, but dead

Resistant to abrasion, penetration, and water loss

266
Q

Cyanosis

A

The blueness of the skin resulting from a deficiency of oxygen

267
Q

Erythema

A

Abnormal Redness of the skin (Sunburns, Anger, Exercise)

268
Q

Albanism

A

Genetic Lack of Melanin due to a recessive allele that usually results in milky while hair and skin, with blue-grey eyes

269
Q

Pallor

A

Pale or ashen color that occurs when there is so little blood flow through the skin that the while color of the dermal collagen shows through

270
Q

Jaundice

A

Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes resulting from high levels of bilirubin in the blood

271
Q

Hematoma

A

Bruises
Mass of clotted blood showing through the ski

272
Q

First Degree Burns

A

Epidermal Damage Only

Localized redness, edema (swelling), and pain

273
Q

Second Degree

A

Epidermal and Upper Dermal Damage

Blisters Appear

274
Q

Third Degree

A

The entire thickness of skin involved
Skin is grey/white, cherry red, or blackened
Not painful (nerve endings destroyed) or swollen
Skin graphing is usually necessary

A&P 1 (2 decks)

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