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PSYC 101 > EXAM 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Philosophical Empiricism

A

All knowledge is acquired through experience

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2
Q

Philosophical Nativism

A

some knowledge is innate rather than acquired

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3
Q

structuralism

A

approach to psychology that attempted to isolate & analyze the mind’s basic elements

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4
Q

introspection

A

analysis of subjective experience by trained observers

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5
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

father of experimental psychology

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6
Q

functionalism

A

approach to psychology that emphasized adaptive significance of mental processes

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7
Q

William James

A

developed functionalism

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8
Q

psychoanalysis

A

therapy that aims to give people insight into what’s in their unconscious mind

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9
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

developed techniques of psychoanalysis

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10
Q

behaviorism

A

approach to psychology that restricts scientific inquiry to that restricts scientific inquiry to observable behavior

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11
Q

Ian Pavlov

A

studied classical conditioning

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12
Q

john watson

A

founder of behaviorism

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13
Q

b.f. skinner

A

developing theory of behaviorism

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14
Q

neuroscience

A

any or all of the sciences, such as neurochemistry and experimental psychology, which deal with the structure or function of the nervous system and brain.

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15
Q

cultural psychology

A

study of how culture influences mental life

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16
Q

empiricism

A

belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation

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17
Q

scientific method

A

procedure for using empirical evidence to establish facts

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18
Q

hypothesis

A

falsifiable prediction made by a theory

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19
Q

falsifiable

A

capacity for some proposition, statement, theory =, or hypothesis to be proven wrong

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20
Q

what makes humans harder to study than non-human topics?

A
  • reactive
  • complex
  • highly variable
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21
Q

operational definition

A

description of a property in measurable terms

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22
Q

observer bias

A

tendency for observer’s expectations to influence both what they believe they observed and what they actually observed

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23
Q

double blind study

A

study in which neither the researcher nor participant knows how the participants are expected to behave

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24
Q

correlation

A

variations in the value of one variable are synchronized with variations in the value of the other

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25
Q

causation

A

act of causing something

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26
Q

third variable problem

A

natural correlation between two variables cannot be taken as evidence of a causal relationship between them because a third variable might be causing them both

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27
Q

Independent Variable

A

a variable whose variation that does not depend on another factor

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28
Q

Dependent Variable

A

variable whose value depends on that of another

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29
Q

population

A

complete collection of people

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30
Q

samples

A

partial collection of people drawn from a population

31
Q

case method

A

procedure for gathering scientific info by studying a single individual

32
Q

replication

A

experiment that uses the same procedures as a previous experiment but with a new sample from the same population

33
Q

theory

A

an explanation of a collection of facts that has itself been repeatedly tested and NOT yet disconfirmed

34
Q

hypothesis

A

a falsifiable prediction; also, an informed guess about the state of the world; an informed guess based upon a theory

35
Q

operational definition

A

definition of an idea/attribute/concept in terms that are specific and measurable

36
Q

principle of falsifiability

A

for a theory to be considered scientific it must be able to be tested and conceivably proven false

37
Q

observer bias

A

the tendency for observers’ expectation to influence both what they believe they observed and what they actually observed

38
Q

confirmation bias

A

we are inclined to only consider evidence that supports our view of the world, and our tendency to reject, ignore, and not encode data that disrupts our view of the world. We see what we expect to see!

39
Q

3 broad categories of psychology studies

A

-descriptive
-correlational
-experimental

40
Q

case study

A

intensive study of one individual or unusual person; a great source of hypotheses but no conclusion should be drawn… why? Because researchers lacked the control needed to rule out alternate explanations.

41
Q

what makes people hard to study?

A

-reactivity
-complexity
-variability

42
Q

what is an empirical question?

A

one that can be answered with data

43
Q

variable

A

something that you measure that can have different values

44
Q

positive correlation

A

relationship between two variables in which both variables move in the same direction

45
Q

negative correlation

A

a relationship between two variables in which an increase in one variable is associated with a decrease in the other

46
Q

directionality problems

A

the situation in which it is known that two variables are related although it is not known which is the cause and which is the effect.

47
Q

correlation

A

variations in the value of one variable are synchronized with variations in the value of the other

48
Q

3rd variable problem

A

natural correlation between two variables that cannot be taken as evidence of a causal relationship between them because a third variable might be causing them both

49
Q

learning

A

relatively permanent change in the experience or behavior of an organism

49
Q

learning

A

relatively permanent change in the experience or behavior of an organism

50
Q

behaviorism

A

theory of learning that suggests that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning processes

51
Q

classical conditioning

A

type of learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response

52
Q

conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

previously neutral stimulus that produces a reliable response after being paired with unconditioned stimulus

53
Q

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

A

reliably produces naturally occurring reaction in an organism

54
Q

unconditioned response (UCR)

A

reflexive reaction that is reliably produced by an unconditional stimulus

55
Q

conditioned response (CR)

A

reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by the conditioned stimulus

56
Q

extinction

A

the fading of the CR because the CS is presented repeatedly WITHOUT the UCS

57
Q

stimulus generalization

A

where the organism starts responding to things highly similar to the CS

58
Q

stimulus generalization

A

where the organisms starts responding to things highly similar to the CS

59
Q

stimulus discrimination

A

where the organism distinguishes between the CS and another stimulus (and so does not show the CR)

60
Q

classical conditioning

A

type of learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response

61
Q

Garcia

A

first to establish biological preparedness (we are inclined to form some associations more readily than others)
-known for demonstrating “1-trial learning”

62
Q

Thorndike

A

examined instrumental behaviors

63
Q

thorndike cat experiment

A

-hungry cat in the puzzle box
-hungry cat tries getting out of the box in different ways
-after the desired response is shown cat is given food as the reward
-cat is placed in a box for another round

64
Q

law of effect

A

behaviors that are followed by a “satisfying state of affairs” tend to be repeated, whereas those that produce an “unpleasant state of affairs” are less likely to be repeated

65
Q

reinforcer

A

any stimulus that INCREASES the likelihood of a behavior

66
Q

punisher

A

any stimulus or event that DECREASES the likelihood of the behavior

67
Q

positive

A

“positive”- something has been added/something happens

68
Q

negative

A

“negative”- something is removed or reduced or stopped or avoided

69
Q

latent learning/implicit learning

A

process in which something is learned, but it is not manifested as a behavioral change until sometime in the future

70
Q

observational learning

A

process in which an organism learns by watching the actions of others

71
Q

important elements of observational learning (4)

A

-attention to the behavior which might be learned
-retention (memory) of the observed scene when the opportunity arises later to use the behavior
-motivation to reproduce the observed behavior
-potential/opportunity to reproduce the behavior

72
Q

2 characteristics that strengthened observational learning

A

-model is admired or similar to learned
-positive reinforcement is evident

73
Q

Bandura and the bobo doll

A

-kids would see adults playing nicely w/ the bobo doll and then see them act aggressively with the doll
-kids who saw the adults being violent were twice as likely to be violent

PSYC 101 (1 decks)

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