Exam 1 Flashcards
Wilhelm Wundt
“father” of modern psychology
objectively measure consciousness - introspection
Structuralism
Breaks down consciousness into small/basic elements (ex; emotions, images, sensations)
William James
influenced by Darwinism - how is this adaptive?
1st American psychologist
modify and narrow structuralism
functionalism
Functionalism
show mental processes, behaviors, etc… help an individual to adapt
mind as a whole rather than parts
Sigmund Freud
“father” of professional psychology
treating mental health problems (then called neurosis)
First to study the unconscious
psychoanalytic approach
Psychoanalysis
tapping into unconscious to expose early childhood experiences, trauma, true desires, etc.
everything repressed and pushed down
therapy process developed
Gestalt Psychology
emphasis on whole rather than parts
seeing the big pic
Patterns that underlie everyday experience
Behaviorism
emphasis on observing and controlling behavior
how can we shape behavior?
classical conditioning
learned reflexive response
John Watson
“father” of behaviorism
interested in directly observable behavior and manipulation of behavior
environment > genetics
fears are learned
B.F. Skinner
introduced principle of consequences to modify behavior
punishment - reinforcement/reward
Humanism
Emphasis on conscious, immediate experiences
free will
research typically qualitative
Abraham Maslow
Emphasized positive aspect of human nature
Carl Rogers
psychotherapeutic approach - client centered therapy…
3 main factors
- Unconditional positive regard (nice)
- Genuineness (honest)
- Empathy (sympathetic)
Cognitivism
Refocus on the mind, consciousness, thinking, mental functioning
HOW we think
Naomi Weissten
Pursues study of psychology free of male cultural bias
Crawford & Marecek (1989)
Study of gender differences
Examination of male bias
Mamie & Kenneth Clark
Conduct famous “doll study” that showed internalization of white bias & harms of segregation
impacted legal system
testimony in Brown v Board of Edu
Biopsychology
Mental processes can be explained by interaction between biological factors (ex; genes, hormones)
Behavioral genetics
relationship between certain genes and mental processes and behaviors
adopted twin studies
Regardless of how they were raised, they both grew up to have certain bahvior
nature v nurture
Evolutionary psychology
Study of the biological causes of behavior
human behavior is a result of psychological adaptations that help people successfully function and survive
How can this behavior help us reproduce?
evolutionary reason for behavior
Sensation
reception of a stimuli
perception
interpreting the stimuli
Cognitive psychology
Thoughts and mental processes
How the brain works
too broad/abstract
developmental psychology
study of development across the lifespan
changes over time
How things work at different stages in life
Personality psychology
what makes a person unique
defining personality based on where a person falls on each traits’ scale
Big 5 Traits (personality psychology)
- openness
- conscientiousness
- extroversion
- agreeableness
- neuroticism
Sociocultural psychology
social and cultural psychology
Authority/obedience influence
Historical implications - holocaust
Social psychology
study of groups, relationships, & social influences on behavior
Cultural psychology
study of cultural values and norms, & standards of behavior
Industrial-Organizational psychology
Application of psychological theories, principles, and research to professional/work place settings
clinical psychology
Diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders
Counseling psychology
Counseling psychology
emphasis on emotional, social, vocational, and health-related outcomes
less on mental disorders
forensic psychology
justice system
- Assess competency
- Assess the state of mind (insanity)
- Act as consultants
- Act as expert witness
psychodynamic
development of a sense of self/discovery of unknown motivations behind a person’s behavior
attachment theory
behaviorism
How to manipulate voluntary behavior by changing the consequences of behavior
influenced by BF Skinner
