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Cognitive Psychology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

FC Donders

A

Physiologist. Early reaction time task. Simple v choice reaction time.

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2
Q

Subtraction Method

A

Choice Reaction Time - Simple Reaction Time = Decision Time

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3
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

MD. 1st experimental psych lab. Structuralism. Analytic Introspection.

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4
Q

Analytic Introspection

A

Trains participants to describe their thought process in response to stimuli

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5
Q

Hermann Ebbinghaus

A

Quantitative psychology. Early memory researcher. Savings curve.

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6
Q

Savings Curve

A

How long it takes people to forget information. Decreases at a decreasing rate.

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7
Q

William James

A

MD. Idea of free will eased depression. 1st psychology textbook. Stream of consciousness. Functionalism

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8
Q

Stream of Consciousness

A

Consciousness is a continuous set of experiences

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9
Q

Functionalism

A

Mind and behavior should be understood with respect to their purpose or function. Has a darwinian influence

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10
Q

Freud

A

Psychoanalytic technique. Unconscious processes heavily influence behavior.

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11
Q

Issues with Cognitive Psychology

A

Can’t observe the mind. Analytic introspection isn’t objective. Can’t falsify a lot of things.

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12
Q

John Watson

A

Behaviorist. Nonmediationalist. Rejected analytic introspection because there is too much variation in behavior. Little Albert exposure therapy.

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13
Q

Edward Thorndike

A

Law of Effect

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14
Q

Law of Effect

A

Behavior responses most closely followed by a satisfying result are more likely to become established patterns that occur again in response to the same stimuli.

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15
Q

BF Skinner

A

Radical Behaviorism. Operant Conditioning. Empiricist. Determinist. Disagreed with Thorndike. Skinner box.

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16
Q

Radical Behaviorism

A

Behavior, not mental states, should be the focus of study.

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17
Q

Empiricism

A

Any behavior can be conditioned

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18
Q

Skinner box (operant conditioning chamber)

A

Trains animals to look at different stimuli in an environment. A certain amount of food is provided if a button or lever is pressed.

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19
Q

Edward C. Tolman

A

Challenged stimulus-response model of learning. Cognitive map (rat maze). Latent learning.

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20
Q

Noam Chomsky

A

Language development. Universal grammar. High-order cognition cannot be learned.

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21
Q

Universal grammar

A

All babies are born with rules of grammar that are hardwired into their brains.

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22
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

Ability of neural networks to change and grow through reorganization.

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23
Q

Nerve Net

A

Early conceptualization of the brain. Big web. Continuous and complex pathways. Ramon and Cajal.

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24
Q

Golgi Staining Method

A

Silver staining technique used to visualize nervous tissue. First used with brains of newborn animals.

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25
Q

Neuron Doctrine

A

Cells transmit signals. Cells are separate from one another.

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26
Q

Dendrite

A

Receives neurotransmitters

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27
Q

Cell body

A

Receives messages, contains genes, maintains structure

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28
Q

Axon

A

Transmits signals

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29
Q

Synapse

A

Small gap between neurons

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30
Q

Edgar Adrian

A

Recorded electronic signals in frog’s sensory nerves. 1 electrode in axon, other electrode outside. Noted a significant difference between inside and outside. Polarized membrane.

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31
Q

Action potential

A

Depolarization in membrane that causes neurons to fire. -70mv to -55mv. Sodium ions enter into the cell and raise the voltage inside, then the action potential happens to create a proton channel with sodium on the outside and potassium on the inside.

32
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Can be excitatory or inhibitory (depolarizes or polarizes the cell). Opens the ion cell or doesn’t.

33
Q

Faster neuron firing

A

More intense sensation

34
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Vision

35
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Audition, language, taste, smell

36
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Touch, spatial tasks

37
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Executive functions, planning and decision making, most developed in humans

38
Q

Experience-dependent plasticity

A

The vertical line cats that didn’t respond to the horizontal lines. The brain has to have exposure to stimuli or it doesn’t react to it later on.

39
Q

Specificity coding

A

Single neuron represents image

40
Q

Population coding

A

many neurons represent image in a specific pattern

41
Q

Sparce coding

A

A few neurons represent image

42
Q

“Grandma cells”

A

Theoretical area in temporal lobe just for processing faces

43
Q

Localization of Function

A

Specific cognitive functions. Think about studies of brain damage.

44
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

outside layer of brain associated with many cognitive processses

45
Q

Paul Broca

A

Broca’s area

46
Q

Broca’s area

A

Production of speech. Located in frontal lobe

47
Q

Carl Wernicke

A

Wernicke’s area and aphasia. Fluent aphasia.

48
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Comprehension of speech.

49
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

Language disorder that makes it hard to understand words and communicate

50
Q

Fluent aphasia

A

Able to speak in sentences that sound like normal speech but are not correct

51
Q

Double Dissociation

A

What is localized to what. Mental processes exist independently of each other

52
Q

Episodic memory

A

Remember things that happen (long term memory)

53
Q

Semantic memory

A

Remember facts (long term memory)

54
Q

Event-related potential

A

Brain wave changes in response to stimuli

55
Q

Fusiform Face area

A

Small region in frontal lobe associated with strong response to faces

56
Q

Parahippocampal place area (PPA)

A

Responds strongly to visual scenes

57
Q

Extrastriate body area (EBA)

A

Responds strongly to images of human bodies.

58
Q

Connectome

A

Structures physically connected in the brain.

59
Q

Functional Connectivity

A

Area activated together simultaneously during a task

60
Q

Default mode

A

Activity involved in brain when not doing a task. Ex; Daydreaming. More active in insomniacs during the day.

61
Q

Split Brain research

A

Corpus callosum cut for seizures. Vision weird. Right eye to left brain, left eye to right brain (like normal but vision works together differently).

62
Q

Perception

A

Experience resulting from the stimulation of the senses.

63
Q

Phenomenology

A

Study of experiences. Emphasizes perceptions

64
Q

Top-Down processing

A

Perception starts with the brain, the person’s knowledge and experience. Thoughts to senses.

65
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

Senses detect stimuli, then go to brain

66
Q

Gestalt Principles

A

Similarity, continuation, closure, proximity, figure/ground, symmetry & order. Most processing is not conscious.

67
Q

Herman von Helmholtz

A

Images on the retina are ambiguous. Likelihood principle

68
Q

Likelihood principle

A

Model that attempts to explain how people process stimuli differently. Unconscious interference.

69
Q

Semantic regularities (scene schema)

A

People are faster to recognize objects/figures if they are in a probabilistic context.

70
Q

Bayesian Influence

A

Prior probability and likelihood of an event causing a phenomenon that influences people’s perceptions of the event

71
Q

Mirror Neurons

A

Respond to you performing and action and watching someone else perform an action. They are important in social learning.

72
Q

Attention

A

Taking possession by the mind in clear and vivid form out of several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thought, implies withdrawal from some things to focus on one thing.

73
Q

6 Attention Metaphors

A

spotlight, zoom-lens, filter, gate, pulse, capacity- limited processing resource

74
Q

4 Attention Types

A

Selective, divided, focused, sustained

75
Q

Selective attention

A

focusing on just things to do with your goal

76
Q

3 Things Attention Does

A

Speeds up processing of stimuli, enhances processing detail, and feature integrating

Cognitive Psychology (2 decks)

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