exam 1

Question 1

bioremediation

Answer 1

using mircoganisms to hasten decay of pollution

Question 2

what are the three domains

Answer 2

eucarya, bacteria, archaea

Question 3

robert hook

Answer 3

reported that living things are composed of little boxes or cells, Cell Theory=all living things are composed of cells and come from preexisting cells

Question 4

Anton Van LeeuWenhoek

Answer 4

first to obserce and describe living microorganisms

Question 5

spontaneosis gerneration

Answer 5

the hypth. that living organisms arise from nonliving matter

Question 6

biogenesis

Answer 6

hpoth. that living organisms arise from prexisting life

Question 7

louis pasteur

Answer 7

demostrated that microorganisms are present in the air

Question 8

Joseph Lister

Answer 8

used a chem disinfectant to prevent surgical wound infections

Question 9

robet Koch

Answer 9

proved that bacterium causes anthrax and that specific microbes cause specific diseases

Question 10

Jenner

Answer 10

inoculated a person with cow pox virus who was then protected from small pox

Question 11

chemotherapy

Answer 11

treatment with chemicals

Question 12

types of morphology

Answer 12

cocci, bacilli, vibrio, sprillum, spirochete

Question 13

pleomorphic

Answer 13

bacteria can change their shape through out their life time

Question 14

Gram positive cell wall

Answer 14

thick, teichoic acids sensitive to anabiotic, purple

Question 15

gram negative

Answer 15

thin, outer membrane(lipid A for immunity system and Opolysaccharide for id species)
porin, pink or red

Question 16

periplasmic space

Answer 16

btw the cytoplamic membrane and outer membrane and is filled with gel like periplasm

Question 17

lysozyme

Answer 17

break bonds linking glycan chain(found in tears saliva and body fluids)

Question 18

Fluid mosaic

Answer 18

proteins drift about in liped bilayer

Question 19

proteins

Answer 19

selective gates, sensors of enviroment conditions , enzymes for ATP synthesis

Question 20

hypertonic

Answer 20

h2o moves into cell

can cause osmotic lysis

Question 21

hypotonic

Answer 21

h2o moves out of the cell

can cause plamolysis

Question 22

isotonic

Answer 22

no net movement of water in or out of cell (saline)

Question 23

Chemotaxis

Answer 23

bacteria sense chemicals and move accordingly

run and tumble movement

Question 24

pili

Answer 24

twitching/ gliding motility

Question 25

fimbriae

Answer 25

allow surface attachment

Question 26

All bacteria have

Answer 26

nucleoid, plasmids, ribosome,

Question 27

nucleoid

Answer 27

chromosome forms gel-like region lack neclears mem and histones

Question 28

plasmids

Answer 28

circular extachromosomal DNA not part of the nucleiod

Question 29

Ribosome

Answer 29

involved in ptn synthesis prok=70s Euk.80S

Question 30

Unique to some bacteria

Answer 30

Storage Granules gas vesicles endospores sporulation germination

Question 31

endospores

Answer 31

not a mech of reproduction but a form of resistance to heat toxic chem uv rad and bioling ex gangreen

Question 32

gas vesicle

Answer 32

bouyancy

Question 33

storage granules

Answer 33

accumulation of polymeres Glycogen granules poly-B-hydroxybutryate granules(lipid) volutin granules

Question 34

What are the 3 processes to generate ATP

Answer 34

substrate level phosphorylation oxidative phosphorylation photophosphorylation

Question 35

denaturation

Answer 35

active site unfolding

Question 36

biocatalysts

Answer 36

accelerate conversion of substrat into product by lowering activation energy

Question 37

cofactors

Answer 37

can assist deff enzymes, few types needed, | ex mg cu zn...

Question 38

coenzymes

Answer 38

organic cofactors | FAD NAD NADP

Question 39

Environmental Factors influencing Enzyme activity are

Answer 39

temp, pH, Salt concentration

Question 40

Precursor metabolites

Answer 40

intermediates of catabolism that can be used as anabolism/ biosyn

Question 41

Central Metabolic pathways are:

Answer 41

glycolysis pentose phosphate, tricarboxylic acid/kreb cycle

Question 42

Glycolysis

Answer 42

converts glucose into 2 pyravates, and has a net yeild of 2atp and 2nadh

Question 43

transition step

Answer 43

takes place in mitochondria in Eukac. but in the cytoplasm for prok. end products are: 2pyravates: 2 acetyl CoA, 2 Co2, 2 NADH

Question 44

TCA/Krebs

Answer 44

``` completes oxidation of glucose products: 4Co2 2ATP 6NADH 2FADH2 ```

Question 45

chemiosmotic theory

Answer 45

proton motive drives synthesis of ATP by ATP synthase | Peter mitchell 1961

Question 46

Three ptn complex in ETC are

Answer 46

Quinones, Cytochromes Flavoproteins

Question 47

chemolithotrophs

Answer 47

bacteria that complete respiration with inorganic compounds

Question 48

generation time

Answer 48

time bacteria take to double | varies among species and environment conditions

Question 49

batch culture

Answer 49

prok. grown in a agar plate or tube or flasks of broth nutrients not renewed wastes not removed, yield characteristics of growth curve

Question 50

major conditions influencing prok. growth

Answer 50

temp. O2, pH, water

Question 51

obligate Aerobes

Answer 51

require O2

Question 52

Facultative anaerobes

Answer 52

prefer O2 but can grow with out it

Question 53

Obligate anaerobes

Answer 53

destroy in O2 presence

Question 54

Microaerophiles

Answer 54

require small amounts of O2 to grow

Question 55

Aerotolerant anaerobes

Answer 55

dont use O2 but dont find it toxic either.

Question 56

Halophiles

Answer 56

require high salt concentration

Question 57

halotolerant

Answer 57

with stand high salt concentration

Question 58

acidophiles

Answer 58

grow optimal at pH below 5.5

Question 59

aklaliphiles

Answer 59

grow optimal at pH above 8.5

Question 60

neutrophiles

Answer 60

grow optimal at a pH btw 5 to 8