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Exercise Physiology > Exam #1 > Flashcards

Exam #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the function(s) of skeletal muscle

A

Locomotion
Body posture
Venous return
Thermogenesis

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2
Q

Involuntary or voluntary?

Smooth muscle

A

Involuntary

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3
Q

Involuntary or voluntary?

Cardiac muscle

A

Involuntary

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4
Q

Involuntary or voluntary?

Skeletal muscle

A

Voluntary

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5
Q

_________________ surrounds entire muscle.

A

Epimysium

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6
Q

________________ surrounds the fasciculi.

A

Perimysium

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7
Q

_____________ consists of muscle fibers.

A

Fasciculus

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8
Q

_________________ surrounds muscle fibers.

A

Endomysium

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9
Q

Muscle fiber consists of ______________ divided into ____________.

A

Myofibrils; sarcomeres

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10
Q

Name major components of skeletal muscle cell

Function: control center for the cell

A

Nucleus

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11
Q

Name major components of skeletal muscle cell

________________ is a polarized cell membrane.

A

Sarcolemma

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12
Q

Name major components of skeletal muscle cell

Function: receives stimuli from nervous system

A

Sarcolemma

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13
Q

Name major components of skeletal muscle cell

_________________ is the intracellular material.

A

Sarcoplasm

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14
Q

Name major components of skeletal muscle cell

Function: holds organelles & nutrients

A

Sarcoplasm

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15
Q

Sarcoplasm stores _________________ & _______________.

A

Glycogen ; myoglobin

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16
Q

Name major components of skeletal muscle cell
________________ are/is rod structures composed of myofilaments.

A

Myofibrils

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17
Q

Name major components of skeletal muscle cell

Function: responsible for muscle contraction

A

Myofibrils

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18
Q

Name major components of skeletal muscle cell

________________ are/is tubules running perpendicular to cell.

A

T tubules

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19
Q

Name major components of skeletal muscle cell

Function: carry action potential deep into muscle fiber

A

T tubules

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20
Q

Name major components of skeletal muscle cell

__________________ are interconnecting network of tubules running parallels.

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)

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21
Q

Name major components of skeletal muscle cell

Function: store and release calcium

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)

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22
Q

Name major components of skeletal muscle cell

________________ is a spherical-shaped organelle.

A

Mitochondria

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23
Q

Name major components of skeletal muscle cell

Function: major site of energy production

A

Mitochondria

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24
Q

___________________ are the basic contractile element of skeletal muscle.

A

Sarcomeres

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25
Q

Sarcomeres are aligned in series & _____________ to each other.

A

parallel

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26
Q

Sarcomeres

Dark stripes

A

A-bands

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27
Q

Sarcomeres

Light stripes

A

I-bands

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28
Q

Sarcomeres

Middle of the A band

A

H-zone

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29
Q

Sarcomeres

Middle of H-zone

A

M-line

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30
Q

Sarcomeres

Common boundary structure

A

Z-disk

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31
Q

Protein filaments in sarcomeres are used for ___________________.

A

muscle contraction

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32
Q

Actin are __________ filaments.

A

thin

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33
Q

Actin show up _______________ under microscope.

A

lighter

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34
Q

I-bands in the sarcomere contain only ___________ filaments.

A

actin

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35
Q

Myosin are _________ filaments.

A

thick

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36
Q

Myosin show up ______________ under microscope.

A

darker

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37
Q

A-band in the sarcomere contains both ___________ & _____________ filaments.

A

actin & myosin

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38
Q

H-zone in the sarcomere contains only ____________ filaments.

A

myosin

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39
Q

_______________ are two intertwined filaments with Globular heads.

A

Myosin

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40
Q

-Protrude 360 degrees from thick filament axis
-Will interact with actin filaments for contraction

A

Globular heads

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41
Q

-Contains z-line
-Protein structure between actin & myosin filaments

A

Titin

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42
Q

3 Proteins of Actin

Contains myosin-binding site

A

Actin

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43
Q

3 Proteins of Actin

Covers active site at rest

A

Tropomyosin

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44
Q

3 Proteins of Actin

Anchored to actin, moves tropomyosin

A

Troponin

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45
Q

-Along length of actin
-High affinity for calcium (binds easily with it)

A

Troponin

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46
Q

-Tube-like protein
-Wrapped around length of actin myofilament

A

Tropomysoin

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47
Q

During muscle contraction, what does tropomyosin do?

A

Closes off active sites

48
Q

Membrane around an individual muscle is the _____________.

A

sarcolemma

49
Q

Tendons transmit force from _____________ to ___________.

A

muscles ; bones

50
Q

The _____________ is the cytoplasm that bathes muscle fibers.

A

sarcoplasm

51
Q

Sarcoplasm contains large quantities of _______________ & ______________.

A

glycogen ; myoglobin

52
Q

___________________ are the lateral network of tubes allow for rapid transmission of impulses to each muscle fiber.

A

T-tubules (transverse)

53
Q

___________________________ is the long set of tubes, parallel to the myofibril, that house calcium ions.

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

54
Q

Each muscle fiber is made up of many myofibrils, again made up of smaller contracting units called _______________.

A

sarcomeres

55
Q

______________ are threadlike structures in muscle fibers running lengthwise in the cytoplasm & are the basic units of contraction.

A

Myofibrils

56
Q

The sarcolemma lies ________________ the endomysium.

A

underneath

57
Q

STUDY QUESTION
Skeletal Muscle Contraction (Excitation - Contraction Coupling)
1. Action potential (AP) starts in brain
2. AP arrives at axon terminal, releases acetylcholine (ACh)
3. ACh crosses synapse, binds to ACh receptors on plasmalemma.
4. AP travels down plasmalemma, T-tubules
5. Triggers Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
6. Ca2+ enables actin-myosin contraction

A
58
Q

True or False?

Axon terminal does not touch fiber

A

True

59
Q

Space between fiber & terminal that the signal is sent across

A

Synaptic cleft

60
Q

Action potential from t-tubule to __________________ & it releases stored calcium.

A

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

61
Q

Where two body systems meet

A

Neuromuscular junction

62
Q

Innervate muscle fibers to stimulate/activate

A

Alpha-motor neurons

63
Q

A single alpha-motor neuron & all fibers it activates.

A

Motor neuron

64
Q

True or False?
All fibers do activate all at the same time

A

False

65
Q

Name reason(s) why some are stronger than others

A
  1. Recruit more fibers through strength training
  2. Situations can cause body to override
66
Q

-Site of communication between neuron & muscle
-Consists of synapse between alpha-motor neuron & muscle fiber

A

Neuromuscular junction

67
Q

People appear to have more muscle because they have more muscle fibers & more myofilaments allowing them to produce more ______________ & produce more ____________.

A

cross-bridge ; force

68
Q

Between actin & myosin causing force

A

Cross-bridge attachments

69
Q

Troponin binds w/ _________________ —–> Tropomyosin shifts away from ________________ —-> ____________ bonds to actin active sites

A

calcium ; active sites ; Myosin

70
Q

STUDY CARD: SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY
Involves the following:
1. The force of contraction generated by the process that slides the actin filament over the myosin filament.
2. The lengths of the thick & thin filaments do not change.
3. Length of the sarcomere decreases as the actin filaments slides over the myosin filament & pulls the Z-disks towards center of the sarcomere

A
71
Q

During muscle contraction, what happens to the following?

A-band

A

stays the same length

72
Q

During muscle contraction, what happens to the following?

I-band

A

decrease in size

73
Q

During muscle contraction, what happens to the following?

H-zone

A

gets smaller

74
Q

During muscle contraction, what happens to the following?

Myosin

A

Stays the same

75
Q

During muscle contraction, what happens to the following?

Actin

A

stays same

76
Q

What happens to the H-zone and I-band?

A

Eventually disappear in stage 4

77
Q

Pulls actin towards center of sarcomere

A

Power stroke

78
Q

An enzyme that splits ATP & converts it to ADP

A

ATPase

79
Q

How Muscles Create Movement
_______________ State
-No actin-myosin interaction at binding sites
-Myofilaments overlap a little

A

Relaxed

80
Q

How Muscles Create Movement
_______________ State
-Myosin head pulls actin toward sarcomere center (power stroke)
-Filaments slide past each other
-Sarcomeres, myofibrils, muscle fiber all shorten

A

Contracted

81
Q

Name Muscle Fiber Type
- ~50% of fibers in an average muscle
- Peak tension in 110 ms (slow twitch)

A

Type I

82
Q

Name Muscle Fiber Type
-2 subtypes
-Peak tension in 50 ms (fast twitch)

A

Type II

83
Q

In endurance athletes, type ______ muscle fibers predominate.

A

I

84
Q

In power athletes, type ____ muscle fibers predominate.

A

II

85
Q

Name Type II Muscle Fibers
-Poor aerobic endurance, fatigue quickly
-Produce ATP anaerobically

A

General type II

86
Q

Name Type II Muscle Fibers
-More force, faster fatigue
-Short, high-intensity endurance events

A

Type IIa

87
Q

Name Type II Muscle Fibers
-Seldom used for everyday activities
-Short, explosive splints

A

Type IIx

88
Q

Aging in muscles causes the loss of_______ motor units.

A

type II

89
Q

Name the contraction type
-Most force produced

A

Isometric

90
Q

Name the contraction type

-Muscle length does not change
-Many cross-bridges produced

A

Isometric

91
Q

Name the contraction type

Ex.) pushing on wall

A

Isometric

92
Q

Name the contraction type

-Muscle shortens while producing force
-Most familiar type of contraction
-Sarcomere shortens, filaments slide toward center

A

Concentric

93
Q

Name the contraction type

Positive (+) contraction

A

Concentric

94
Q

Name the contraction type

Ex.) bicep curl with dumbbell

A

Concentric

95
Q

Name the contraction type

-Muscle lengthens while producing force
-Cross-bridges form but sarcomere lengthens

A

Eccentric

96
Q

Name the contraction type

-Training this way can create injuries
-Can create more soreness after workout
-Needs to be introduced slowly

A

Eccentric

97
Q

Name the contraction type

Ex.) Lowering heavy weight

A

Eccentric

98
Q

If you take a hike up a hill, walking or stepping up is a ________________ contraction.

A

Concentric

99
Q

If you walk down a hill, stepping down or walking down is a _____________ contraction.

A

eccentric

100
Q

Name energy reaction

-Any physical or chemical process that releases energy to its surroundings
-Represent “downhill” processes because of a decline in free energy

A

Exergonic

101
Q

Name the energy reaction

-Chemical reactions that store or absorb energy
-Represent “uphill” processes & proceed with an increase in free energy

A

Endergonic

102
Q

Type I muscle fibers have a ____________ twitch.

A

slow

103
Q

Type IIa muscle fibers have a ____________ twitch.

A

fast

104
Q

Type IIx muscle fibers have a ____________ twitch.

A

fast

105
Q

Type _____ muscle fibers are slow oxidative

A

I

106
Q

Type ____ muscle fibers are fast oxidative/glycolytic.

A

IIa

107
Q

Type _______ muscle fibers are fast glycolytic.

A

IIx

108
Q

Type IIx ATPase is ___________.

A

highest

109
Q

Type IIa ATPase is ____________.

A

high

110
Q

Type I ATPase is _________.

A

low

111
Q

Slow muscle fibers have _________ neuron type.

A

Alpha^2

112
Q

Fast muscle fibers have ______ neuron type

A

Alpha^1

113
Q

Conduction velocity of slow muscle fibers is _________.

A

slow

114
Q

Conduction velocity of fast muscle fibers is __________.

A

fast

115
Q

A(n) _________________ is a small piece of muscle removed that is frozen, sliced, examined under microscope.

A

muscle biopsy

116
Q

Regardless of fiber type, all muscle fibers reach peak power at _________ peak force.

A

~20%

Exercise Physiology (1 decks)

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