Exam 1 Flashcards
Evolutionary Theory
It is both a fact & theory
- we know evolution happens but we don’t know everything that happens when evolution happens
- in order for evolution or occur genes must be inheritable
- evolutionary theory was developed over several centuries
What are the building blocks for evolution
Fossils and Modern evidence
What are the three key concepts needed for the development of evolutionary theory
- The earth is ancient
- The surface of the earth has changed & continues to change
- The plants and animals on the earth have changed and continue to change
Who said that earth was the center of the universe and who adopted this for 1500 years
Aristotle
Adopted by the church and much of society
Europe’s dark ages were considered the golden ages of what in the middle east
Astronomy
What Islamic Scholar calculated the wobble of the earth (how the earth moves)
Ibn Yunus
Al-Jahiz did what?
Early evolutionary writing
Described the 3 mechanisms of evolution
- Animals struggle for existence & resources
- Animals have to avoid predation
- Animals compete to breed
Who referenced the bible to determine when earth was made
Bishop Usher
When did Bishop Usher determine the earth was made
4004 BC – referenced the bible
Who suggested the sun was at the center of the solar system and built on Ibn Yunus work
Copernicus
(church didn’t take notice)
Who used math to argue for Copernicus claim
Galileo Galilei (Church took notice)
Who’s theory did the church not take notice of and who’s theory did the church take notice of
Church didn’t take notice of Copernicus
Church did take notice of Galileo Galilei
Sir Francis Bacon developed what
The Scientific Method
What are the 6 attributes of a human
- Bipedalism
- Non-honing chewing
- Materialistic Culture
- Speech
- Hunting (tools/strategies)
- Domesticated foods (plants/animals
What are the four subfields of anthropology
- cultural
- archaeology
- Linguistic
Biological
Anthropology is considered what
Holistic
- The science of humans has 4 distinct subfields that exist cohesively by asking similar questions and adding depth
Cultural
- Construction of cultural norms
- Expressions of power and agency
- Rights of passage (puberty, marriage, child birth)
- Ethnography & Ethnology
- Participant observation
Lingustics
- Recording dying languages
- Grouping language families
- Understanding how words are used & how they change
- Track population movement
Archaeology
- Study patterns of a behavior (use material record like trash)
- Contextual Analysis not tomb raiding like Indiana Jones
Biological
- Biological & Bicultural (humas past & present)
- Closest living relatives (primates)
- Physical Anthropology
Why was biological anthropology used to be called physical anthropology
Racial undertones
Carolous Linnaeus did what?
He identified humans and non human primates as close relatives
&
named 4 variaties of humas
What were the 4 variaties of humans Carolous Linnaeus names?
- European (white)
- American (reddish)
- Asiatic (tawny)
- African (black)
Who added more variates of humans for pacific populations
Johann Blumenbach
- Human morphometrics (craniology)
Who was the father of American physical anthropology
Samuel Morton
- Collected more than 700 crania
- Identified the 5 racial variates
Who was a critique of Samuel Morton
Stephen Jay Gould
What is Evolution?
A sequence of changes over time
- Changes must be inheritable
- Nature determines if traits are adaptive or maladaptive
Who were the three founders of modern physical anthropology
- Franz Boas
- Ales Hrdlicka
- Earnest Hooton
Who was Franz Boas
Father of American Anthropology
- broad vision of anthropology as a 4-field science
Who was Ales Hrdlicka
- Determined to move physical anthropology forward as a recognized science
- Founded American journal of physical anthropology and principle organizer
- First president of American association of physical anthropology
Who was Earnest Hooton
- Trained in American institutions
- Professional career at Harvard
- Over 25 PHDs
Scientific Method Stepts
- Make observations
- Create a question
- Hypothesis
- Test
- Analyze & Conclude
- Repeat the steps
- Trying to disprove
What was the Early Evolutionary Theory
- No Basis
- Highly Contentious
- Often secretive and obscure
- Erasmus Darwin wrote poetry about evolution
-Paleontology – Study of fossils
Who was Robert Hooke
- Studied tissue structure
- Determined fossils were once living
- Fossils are organisms remains
What is Paleontology and who is associated with it
Study of Fossils
Robert Hooke
What is Taxonomy & Systematics
Classification of past and living species
Who was John Ray
- Grouped organisms together
- Talked about reproductively isolated
Who is the Father of Taxonomy
Carl Von Linné
Who was Carl Von Linné
- Standardized Ray’s work
- Binomial nomenclature
What is Binomial Nomenclature
- Class and order to system
- Two latin names that describes organisms
- Genus Species – What species are related to what other species
What did James Hutton Study
Rain & Erosion (geology)
- determined earth’s surface changed
- developed the idea of uniformitarianism
Who is credited with developing the theory of Uniformitarianism
James Hutton
What is Uniformitarianism
Processes that happened in the past are still happening today and will continue to happen in the future
Who is Jean Baptiste Lamarck
- Published Philosophie Zoologique
- Advanced well supported ideas of evolution
- Gets wrong mechanism for how evolution works
- Giraffe guy
Who ridiculed Jean Baptiste Lamarck and what was the outcome
Cuvier
Jean Baptiste Lamarck died a pauper in Paris
What did Jean Baptiste Lamarck get wrong
- Change does not occur within a lifetime
- Change is not directed by will
- No inheritance of acquired characteristics
What did Jean Baptiste Lamarck get right
- Living organism arose from precursor species
- Relationship between change and environment
Who was the father of comparative anatomy & vertebrate paleontology
Baron Georges Cuvier
Who was Cuvier an opponent of
Lamarks
Cuvier understood what and developed the idea of what
He understood extinction but still believed in fixity of species
He developed the idea of catastrophism
What is Catastrophism
Multiple catastrophes create new fossil layers
Who resurrected Uniformitarianism & who’s idea was it originally
Charles Lyell resurrected the idea
It originally came from Hutton
Lyell believed what
- He believed in Uniformitarianism but rejected catastrophism
- Geological landscape is still changing
- Forces are slow moving & earth is ancient
Who did Lyell influence
Charles Darwin with his publication of Principles of Geology
How did Darwin influence evolution
Natural Selection
Why did Darwin not want to publish right away?
He wanted all of this thoughts to be organized before he published
According to Darwin population size increases exponentially while what stays relatively stable
Food supplies
What is the key for Natural Selection
Competition for resources (Darwin translated this to plants and animals)
What is the theory of Natural Selection
The process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring
- Population is limited by food supply
- Members of populations compete for access to food
What finally convinced Darwin to publish his work on evolution
Alfred Russel Wallace wanted to publish the same concepts Darwin had
-Wallace sent letters to Darwin and asked Darwin to review and send it to Lyell
- Darwin suggested they publish together
Why was Wallace lost in Darwin’s shadow
Darwin had a greater social and scientific status than Wallace did
Wallace did gain higher scientific status upon returning however he was still lost in Darwin’s shadow
What were Darwin’s contributions
- Evolution has occurred
- Gradual change
- Theory of natural selection
- Speciation – one species gives rise to another species
- Decent of Man (humans evolved, 12 years after origins)
Who was Thomas Huxley
Darwin’s bulldog, biggest defender of Darwin
- Urged Darwin to publish before Wallace
Who was Gregor Mendel
- Moravian Monk
- Experimented on plant hybrids (pea plants)
- Father of Genetics
- This was genetic proof of what Darwin was proposing but it went unnoticed
Mendel did NOT influence Darwin
Who was Julian Huxley
- Grandson of Thomas Huxley
- Synthesized (brought together) evolution and genetics
What did Gould and Eldredge do
Theory of punctuated equilibrium
- Stasis of rapid change
- Opposed Darwin’s theory of gradualism
Evolutionary theory was a combination of what
- Paleontology
- Taxonomy & Systematics
- Geology
- Demographics
- Genetics
- Natural Selection is the driving force of evolution
What are Prokaryotic Cells
- Single celled organisms like bacteria & algae
- Have no organelles (nucleus, mitochondria)
- 2.33 bya
What are Eukaryotic Cells
- Multi-celled organism
- Contains organelles (nucleus, mitochondria)
- Cells organized and specialized
- Each one contains complete DNA code
- 1.2 bya
