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bios 1030 exam 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Science

A

The study of the natural world

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2
Q

Biology

A

The study of life and its processes

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3
Q

What are the five steps to the scientific method?

A

Make an observation, ask a question, make a prediction based on hypothesis, test the prediction, ever review/publish

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4
Q

What are Peirce’s four ways of knowing?

A

Tenacity, authority, a priori, scientific method

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5
Q

What is the method of tenacity?

A

Holding onto a pre existing belief because it brings peace of mind

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6
Q

What is the method of authority?

A

Holding something to be true because it is advocated by people in power/experts

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7
Q

What is the method of a priori?

A

Reasoning from cause and effect using self-evident facts

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8
Q

What is the scientific method?

A

Using a priori reasoning but letting nature answer the question

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9
Q

What does it mean to be a skeptic?

A

Adopt a question, avoid anecdotes, and appreciate the statistics and value of a graph

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10
Q

What is an anecdote?

A

Personal story

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11
Q

What does correlation does not equal causation mean?

A

Two things may appear together but not cause each other

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12
Q

What does logic mean?

A

Separate fact from conclusion, correlation does not equal causation

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13
Q

Falsifiability

A

Make an observation to prove first statement is not true

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14
Q

Parsimony

A

The most simple answer is usually the right answer

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15
Q

Comprehensiveness

A

Have they taken into account all possible explanations?

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16
Q

Replicability

A

Being able to do it over again and potentially come to similar/same results

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17
Q

Curiosity

A

Why does it happen? Come to a truth quicker if more curious

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of living things

A

Composed of cells, metabolism, homeostasis, evolution

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19
Q

Homeostasis

A

Keeping the body environment stable, respond to stimuli, growth and reproduction, contains RNA and DNA

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20
Q

Metabolism

A

All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism; raw material+energy=life

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21
Q

Evolution

A

Change in allele frequency over time

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22
Q

What is the functional unit of life?

A

A cell

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23
Q

What is the major difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotic has no nucleus, eukaryotic has a nucleus

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24
Q

What are the taxonomic levels starting with domain
Dear
King
Phillip
Came
For
Good
Soup

A

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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25
Q

Which taxonomic level is most inclusive?

A

Domain

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26
Q

Which type of cell was the first cell of the planet?

A

Prokaryotic

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27
Q

What is binomial nomenclature

A

Two word naming system

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28
Q

Why is binomial nomenclature so important to science?

A

Names all things on earth

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29
Q

What are the three domains

A

Bacteria, archaea, Eukarya

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30
Q

Are the three domains eukaryotic or prokaryotic

A

Bacteria - prokaryotic
Archaea - prokaryotic
Eukarya- eukaryotic

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31
Q

What are the 4 kingdoms in the domain Eukarya

A

Protists, fungi, plants, animals

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32
Q

Name the domain Eukarya so characteristics based on feeding habits

A

Protists: single celled or multicellular, some animal, some plant
Fungi: multicellular, gets nutrients from eating other organisms
Animals: multicellular, no cell wall, no photosynthesis
Plants: has chlorophyll, goes through photosynthesis, has cell walls

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33
Q

Are humans the only animals that are bipedal?

A

No, other species have these characteristics, they just do them in a different way than humans

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34
Q

How are humans different than any other organism on earth?

A

Humans can be studied at each level of biological organization

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35
Q

Chemistry

A

The study of the properties of matter and how matter changes

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36
Q

Matter

A

Anything that has mass and takes up space

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37
Q

Why would it be silly to claim that you don’t use certain brands of make-up because it contains chemicals?

A

Everything contains chemicals

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38
Q

Which four elements are the most important by weight in your body? HONCP

A

Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus

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39
Q

What is an atom

A

Smallest particle of an element

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40
Q

Name the three subatomic particles

A

Protons, neutrons, electrons

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41
Q

How are the three subatomic particles arranged and what are their charges?

A

Proton -
Neutron +
Electron / no charge

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42
Q

What is an ion

A

A charged atom

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43
Q

What is an isotope

A

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

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44
Q

What is a chemical bond

A

The force that holds two atoms together

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45
Q

What are the three kinds of chemical bonds

A

Non polar - shares electrons equally
Polar - attract electrons more strongly than others
ionic - electron transferred from one atom to another

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46
Q

What is cohesion

A

Attraction between molecules of the same substance

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47
Q

What is adhesion

A

An attraction between molecules of different substances

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48
Q

What is surface tension

A

A measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid

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49
Q

What does pH measure

A

Hydrogen ion concentration

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50
Q

Which pH is neutral

A

7

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51
Q

Which pHs are acidic

A

6-1

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52
Q

Which pHs are basic

A

8-14

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53
Q

What ions increase/decrease as a liquid becomes more acidic/basic?

A

Hydrogen ions

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54
Q

What is the difference between organic and inorganic molecules?

A

Organic molecules contain carbon
Inorganic molecules do not contain carbon

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55
Q

Why is carbon a common building block of biomolecules

A

Carbon is the functional element for living things because it is able to bond in many different ways. It can form many compounds that are essential to life

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56
Q

What is a monomer

A

A molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer

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57
Q

What is a polymer

A

Long chain of monomers

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58
Q

Name the 4 macromolecules of life

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids

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59
Q

What is the storage form of glucose in plants

A

Starch

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60
Q

What is the storage form of glucose in humans

A

Glycogen

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61
Q

What is the difference between simple and complex carbohydrates

A

Simple = sugar
Complex = fiber

62
Q

Which is between for you complex or simple carbohydrates?

A

Complex

63
Q

Why are complex carbs better for you?

A

They are higher in fiver and digest more slowly

64
Q

How many common amino acids are there?

A

20

65
Q

What does it mean to be an essential amino acid?

A

The body cannot produce them, they must be taken in form through other sources (food)

66
Q

What does it mean to be a non-essential amino acid?

A

Our bodies can produce them even if we do not get it from the food we eat

67
Q

What does it mean to be a complete food?

A

Foods that contain all 9 essential amino acids

68
Q

What does it mean to be an incomplete food?

A

Low or lacing in one or more of the amino acids we need to build cells

69
Q

Explain the four levels of protein structure

A

The shape of a protein can be describes by four levels of structure: primary secondary tertiary and quaternary

70
Q

Where are phospholipids found in the human body

A

Cell membrane

71
Q

What is the chemical difference for saturated fats

A

each carbon atom is bound to as many hydrogen atoms as possible (no double bonds)

72
Q

What is the chemical difference for unsaturated fats

A

Each carbon is not bound to as many hydrogen atoms as possible (double bond present)

73
Q

Which fat is liquid at room temperature

A

Unsaturated

74
Q

Which fat is solid at room temperature

A

Saturated

75
Q

How can you tell saturated fats apart from unsaturated fats by just looking at their tails

A

Saturated tails have straight unlinked tails
Unsaturated tails have crooked kinked tails

76
Q

Is unsaturated fat or saturated fat better for you

A

Unsaturated is better for you

77
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of body structure

78
Q

Physiology

A

The study of body function

79
Q

Explain the statement, “form does not equal function”

A

A body part is formed in a certain way that would allow you to predict a certain function

80
Q

What three structures are common to all eukaryotic cells?

A

Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane

81
Q

Cytoplasm

A

A jelly like fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

82
Q

Cytosol

A

Clear liquid

83
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Structural, protein fibers located within cell walls

84
Q

What does it mean to be hydrophilic

A

Attracted to water

85
Q

What does it mean to be hydrophobic

A

Fear of water

86
Q

Which part of a phospholipid is hydrophilic

A

Head

87
Q

Which part of a phospholipid is hydrophobic

A

Tail

88
Q

How are phospholipids aligned in a membrane

A

Head-tail-tail-head

89
Q

Describe the structure of the plasma membrane

A

Two layers of phospholipids with their Pilar hydrophilic heads facing away from each other

90
Q

What is the fluid mosaic model

A

Describes the arrangement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane

91
Q

What is the function of the plasma membrane

A

Control transfer of substances in and out of the cell

92
Q

The plasma membrane is called selectively permeable. What does this mean?

A

Substances do not cross it indiscriminately

93
Q

What are the functions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Produces proteins for the rest of the cell to function

94
Q

What are the functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Synthesizes lipids, phospholipids as in plasma membrane and steroids

95
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus

A

Sorts and modifies proteins that have arrived from the rough ER

96
Q

What is the function of a lysosome

A

To break down materials and waste

97
Q

What is the function of a ribosome

A

Protein synthesis

98
Q

What is the function of cilia

A

Move liquid past the surface of the cell

99
Q

What is the function of the flagella

A

Movement

100
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria

A

Powerhouse of the cell

101
Q

Wha is the function of the endomembrane system

A

Regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell

102
Q

Which organelles are part of the endomembrane system (Neglvp)

A

Nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysososomes, vacuoles, plasma membrane

103
Q

Compare and contrast cilia and flagella

A

Cilia and flagella have the same basic structure and help move cells or more fluid over cells. Cilia are sort and numerous and move back and fourth. Flagella are longer often occurring singly, and they undulate.

104
Q

Which function do proteins placed throughout the plasma membrane commonly serve?

A

Selective transport of molecules and cell-to-cell recognition

105
Q

What functions do carbohydrates placed through the plasma membrane commonly serve?

A

Involved in cell adhesion and recognition and act as a physical barrier

106
Q

Which types of molecules can more easily pass through the cell membrane?

A

Small, non-polar molecules

107
Q

What is a concentration gradient

A

Difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to another

108
Q

What is an electrochemical gradient

A

A gradient of electrochemical potential, for an ion that passes through a membrane

109
Q

In which direction do molecules move during simple diffusion

A

Down their concentration gradient

110
Q

Does moving down the concentration gradient require energy?

A

No

111
Q

What is osmosis

A

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

112
Q

What happens to a cell when it is placed in a hypertonic solution?

A

The cell will shrivel and die

113
Q

What happens to a cell when it is placed in a hypotonic solution?

A

Swell and expand until it bursts

114
Q

What happens to a cell when it is placed in a isotonic solution?

A

It stays the same

115
Q

How does facilitated diffusion differ from simple diffusion or osmosis

A

Osmosis requires water molecules but facilitated diffusion does not require any water molecules

116
Q

Which type of transport moves molecules against the concentration gradient and requires ATP

A

Active transport

117
Q

What process can be used to move many molecules all at once or a large object such as a prokaryotic cell/cell piece into a cell? What about moving the same things out of a cell?

A

Endocytosis: move into
Exocytosis: move out of

118
Q

To which of the following domains of life do humans belong?
Eukarya
Prokarya
Animilia

A

Eukarya

119
Q

Consider the following statement: “Giant apes called Sasquatches are living in the forests of the Pacific Northwest, but they avoid people and leave no evidence of their existence.” Does this statement qualify as a scientific statement?

A

No, because scientific statement must be based on observations of the natural world, and the absence of a positive Sasquatch citing does not support their existence

120
Q

Homeostasis is one of the characteristics of living things. What is homeostasis?

A

Maintaining a constant internal environment

121
Q

Which of the following organisms are the most closely related?
Species that belong to the same taxonomic family
Species that belong to the same taxonomic order
Species that belong to the same taxonomic phylum
Species that belong to the same taxonomic class

A

Species that belong to the same taxonomic family

122
Q

What genus do humans belong to

A

Homo

123
Q

In the required reading, “The Irrationality of Alcoholics Anonymous,” many alcoholics continue to enroll in alcoholics anonymous programs because their doctors suggest it. What type of method of knowing does this real-life example represent?

A

The method of authority

124
Q

A scientific study determines that adding sweet drinks to your diet does not increase your Body Mass Index (BMI), an indicator of human health. As a skeptic, what is a characteristic of this study that you should consider in order to determine if can trust the presentation of facts and conclusions (aka is there any hint of dishonesty)?

A

Determine if a company that makes sweet drinks funded this research

125
Q

Which of the following elements makes up a signification portion (>25%) of your body, by weight?

A

Carbon (C)

126
Q

Strenuous exercise lowers blood pH this means that

A

More H+ (hydrogen ions) are present and therefore blood becomes more acidic

127
Q

In a water molecule (H2O), the bonds between hydrogen and oxygen atoms are polar covalent bonds because

A

Electrons are shared unequally because oxygen is more electronegative

128
Q

What is true about unsaturated fats

A

Unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature

129
Q

Which subatomic particle has a negative charge

A

Electron

130
Q

What is the main function of a lipid

A

Stores source of energy

131
Q

Enzymes are a type of which biomolecule

A

Protein

132
Q

Cells transport sodium ions out of the cell against the sodium concentration gradient this is an example of

A

Active transport

133
Q

The smooth ER is especially abundant in cells that synthesize extensive amounts of

A

Lipids

134
Q

When a large solute like lactose cannot move across a semipermeable membrane, water must move to equalize concentrations instead. This special type of diffusion is called:

A

Osmosis

135
Q

According to the central dogma of molecular biology, DNA ultimately code for

A

Proteins

136
Q

A phosphobilayer is

A

hydrophilic and hydrophobic

137
Q

What process allows large macromolecules to enter a cell without passing through the membrane

A

Endocytosis

138
Q

A cell that is missing lysosomes would have difficulty doing what

A

Digesting food

139
Q

You suddenly feel the need to go for a long run. Your muscles keep a form of energy stored for moments like this! What macromolecule stores energy in the form of sugars that can eventually be used by your muscles

A

Glycogen

140
Q

To enter or leave a cell, substances must passs through

A

The plasma cell membrane

141
Q

Data

A

Stuff that happens

142
Q

Data

A

Stuff that happens

143
Q

Information

A

Organized data

144
Q

Knowledge

A

The ability to use information

145
Q

Wisdom

A

The judicious use of knowledge

146
Q

Correlation does not equal causation

A

Because two things appear together doesn’t mean they caused each other to happen

147
Q

Properties of water

A

Cohesion & adhesion

148
Q

What are the taxonomic levels starting with domain

A

Domain
Kingdom
phylum
class
Order
family
Genus
Species

149
Q

Active transport

A

Movement of molecules against the concentration gradient

150
Q

Passive transport

A

Type of transport that does not require energy to move substances around the cell membrane

151
Q

Which taxonomic group includes the fewest species?

A

Genus

bios 1030 exam 1 (1 decks)

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