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Topics in Evolution > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the powerful evidence for the process of evolution?

A

intermediate fossils
-EX: turtle ribs not fully enclosed yet and was a mixture of turtle and marine life

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2
Q

what two countries were ranked lowest in believing evolution?

A

US and Turkey

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3
Q

What did Charles Darwin do?

A

-published first modern understanding of evolution
-idea was published before him, but Darwin found more evidence

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4
Q

when did Darwin publish the first modern understanding of evolution?

A

1859

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5
Q

what is the copernican principle?

A

-Earth is not the center of our universe
-Special Creation and Descent with Modification

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6
Q

What is special creation?

A

-species don’t change
-lineages don’t split
-earth is young
-NO EVIDENCE to prove this

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7
Q

what is descent with modification?

A

-species change over time
-lineages split and diverge
-new forms come from older forms

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8
Q

what is microevolution?

A

-changes in species
-species are not ‘fixed’

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9
Q

microevolution in mice on wheels

A

-ran mice on wheels
-bred only the fast mice together
-after 24 generations, the avg. speed of mice increased compared to control group

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10
Q

microevolution in artificial selection in dogs

A

-continued to breed only the ‘cute’ dogs
-they can all cross breed due to them being the same species
-have different phenotypes

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11
Q

microevolution in mustard seeds

A

-mustard seeds grown in the wild
-lots of rain = long growing szn
-drought = short growing szn
-produced a hybrid of the plants

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12
Q

what are vestigial traits?

A

useless body parts from former allied species
-evidence for microevolution and descent w/ modification

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13
Q

vestigial traits in snakes and humans

A

snakes: has hindlimbs but can’t walk
humans: has a coccyx but no tail, has pili muscles but no warning signal to others

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14
Q

vestigial traits in stickleback fish

A

marine fish: fully armored
freshwater fish: no armor
-when the two waters combined, the fish adapted to the environment by being better or less protected
-proves both types of fish have both alleles for the phenotype

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15
Q

what is the Biological Species Concept? and who created it?

A

-if individuals from a population interbreed and do not produce offspring they are different species
-Mayr and Dobzhansky

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16
Q

what are limitations to the biological species concept?

A

-fossil species
-asexual organisms
-allopatric speciation
-organisms that freely hybridize

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17
Q

what is reproductive isolation?

A

-inability of a species to breed successfully with related species
-due to geographical, behavioral, physiological, or genetic barriers or differences

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18
Q

what is viral speciation?

A

one species evolving into two

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19
Q

what is incipient speciation?

A

-alleles start to separate
-rarely interbreed
-all their male offspring are sterile

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20
Q

what are the four stages of evolution?

A
  1. variation among individuals (24 different colored fish)
  2. divisions into distinguishable individuals (8 blue, 8 purple, 8 red)
  3. distinct populations with little interbreeding (10 blue, 4 purple, 10 red)
  4. populations with irreversible reproduction isolation (12 blue, 12 red)
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21
Q

stages of evolution in stickleback fish

A

-gill rackers are related to diet
-gill rackers are big in some fish and small in others
-eventually the forms were no longer allowed to interbreed anymore due to such drastic genetic changes
-created two separate species (no longer could breed)

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22
Q

stages of evolution in ring species

A

-populations migrated around the Tibetan Plateau
-they adapted to local conditions
-when they came into contact, they no longer could interbreed
-created two separate species

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23
Q

what is macroevolution?

A

major changes that creates a new form from an earlier/older form
-emphasis on major lineages (looks at fossil record)

24
Q

macroevolution in Irish elk

A

-an extinct animal
-scientists didn’t believe in extinction
-thought it was an intermediate fossil

25
Q

Law of Succession

A

-extinct species resemble species currently living in the same location
-species die out, but a new species replaces it
-fossils and living organisms in the same location geographically

26
Q

What are transitional forms?

A

the inbetween organisms of a species being evolved

27
Q

transitional form of the blenny fish

A

fish that could jump on land and swim in water

28
Q

transitional form of a dinosaur and a bird

A

had feathers but couldn’t fly
-birds adapted feathers before they adapted flight

29
Q

what is homology?

A

the study of likeness
-adapted for the environment and survival
-EX: human arm, dolphin fin, dog leg, bat wing

30
Q

what is nonhomologous?

A

two species that appear to have homology but don’t
-shark and orca have fins but aren’t related

31
Q

what percentage of all species that have ever lived are extinct now?

A

99%

32
Q

how is common ancestry tested?

A

through nested sets

33
Q

what are nested sets?

A

take what species share and use common traits to create a tree
-works with fossils

34
Q

what is molecular homology?

A

homology with genes when comparing species

35
Q

what are pseudogenes?

A

-nonfunctional genes
-from accidental reverse transcription, are inserted back into the genome
-lack introns and promoters

36
Q

what is Universal Homology?

A

the same three codons specify the same amino acid in a protein

37
Q

what is radioactive dating?

A

-proved that the earth is billions of years old
-determined half life of an element to figure out its lifespan

38
Q

what is speciation?

A

-lineages split and diverge into new species

39
Q

what is natural selection?

A

-explanation to adaptations and survival in species
-organisms better adapted to their environments live and reproduce

40
Q

Natural selection in agriculture

A

-better looking tomato’s get picked over the smaller ugly tomato’s
-thru artificial selection we made them bigger and better

41
Q

natural selection in vegetables

A

-people selected traits of plants that they liked more than the others and bred them
-over time different species were created

42
Q

Process of Natural Selection

A
  1. variation in a population
  2. differences are passed to offspring
  3. those better at surviving reproduce
  4. continue to reproduce and creation of variant trait
    EX: brown mice die out while white mice survive better and live
43
Q

Darwinian Fitness

A

-individual’s ability to survive and reproduce
-those who are most physically fit are not always the ones that reproduce and survive
-adaptations aid this process and increase organisms fitness

44
Q

Darwinian Fitness in Gulls (bird)

A

-tested survival in birds with low, medium, and high muscle mass
-medium lived
-low and high muscle died out

45
Q

can bumblebees drive evolution of flower color?

A

yes
-white plants were picked over yellow plants
-more white plants were found in offspring compared to yellow plants
-small changes over time can accumulate

46
Q

What did Grant do?

A

-determined genes play a role in evolution
-did a capture-mark-recapture study
-beak and finch size correlates to food type
-the desired trait depending on food available was heritable and passed to offspring

47
Q

what are exaptations?

A

adaptive traits used in a new way
-they previously had a different function
EX: carnivorous plants and sticky liquid defense

48
Q

Is evolution perfect in stating that only “survival of the fittest” survive?

A

No
-is mosquitofish, the females prefer male fish with big anal fins
-males having a bigger anal fin are more susceptible to predators
-shows that conflicting selection pressures proves evolution isn’t goal-oriented towards perfection but leads to adaptation

49
Q

what is pangenesis?

A

gemmules were tiny particles of info
-each part of the body continually emitted its own type of small organic particles

50
Q

what is blending inheritance?

A

-favorable variants merge into existing traits and are lost
-INCORRECT
-phenotypes blend, but not genotypes

51
Q

what is modern synthesis?

A

it combined genetic inheritance with evolution by natural selection

52
Q

what is the pathway of modern synthesis?

A
  1. individuals vary due to mutations, the alleles are shuffled to make new combinations
  2. alleles are passed to offspring
  3. some are more successful at surviving and reproducing
  4. ones who are successful have alleles that best adapt them to the environment
53
Q

what is the scopes trial of 1925?

A

-a law case with biology teacher John Scopes who taught evolution in his class
-opened up a debate on whether or not we should be allowed to teach evolution

54
Q

how did half an eye prove evolution and genes?

A

-ciliary photoreceptors (light sensing organ) that was see as a complex organ is the same in 5 chordates
-proved that they have a common ancestor

55
Q

What was the Euk. cell flagella used to disprove?

A

-tried to disprove Darwin by saying that there are complex organs that don’t have slight modifications throughout history
-failed

56
Q

why were crystalline proteins in animal lenses important in proving evolution?

A

-all derived from proteins with other functions in other tissues
-same in several species
-supported evolution

Topics in Evolution (4 decks)

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