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Micro > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Who is Hans Christian Gram?

A

developed the Gram Stain technique

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2
Q

Describe Gram Positive

A

Thick Cell wall composed of petidoglycan

Techoic acid (wall anchored) and lipoteichoic (acid membrane anchored)

Purple under microscope

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3
Q

Draw a Gram Positive stain

A

refer to study guide

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4
Q

Describe Gram Negative stain

A

outer cell membrane

Thin peptioglycan layer and cell membrane

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) layer

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5
Q

Dram a Gram Negative Stain

A

refer to study guide

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6
Q

What is Binary fission?

A

The asexual reproduction of the
bacterial body where the cell grows 2x its original size and eventually splitting into 2

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7
Q

Describe the Binary fission

A

Ist- replicate DNA

2nd_ growth of the cell

3rd_ Cell elongates with a septum forming in the middle separating the 2 chromosomes

L4th- the cell splits down the middle forming 2 daughter cells containing a copy of the original parent cell

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8
Q

What are the stages of bacterial growth phases?

A

Lag phase - 1st stage of a bacteria’s lifevery little growth occurs here despite cells being metabolically active

Exponential phase - period with the most growth, continues as long as enough nutrients are available

stationary Phase- period where growth begins to slow down stop altogether. Typically begins occurring when supply of nutrients begin diminishing . Number of cells remain the same

Death Phase - period where cells begin to die at a high rate. This is due to a build-up of toxins.

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9
Q

What are the different cell shapes?

A

Cocci
Bacilli
streptococci
staphylococci
Spirochetes

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10
Q

What are the arrangements for Cocci?

A

shape- circles
Arrangement, singles, tetrads , irregular clusters (staphylococci)

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11
Q

What are the arrangements for Bacilli

A

shape-rods
Arrangements: single, diplobacilli, streptobacilli

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12
Q

What are the arrangements of streptococci?

A

chains of circles

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13
Q

What are the arrangements of spirochetes?

A

shape - flexible spiral (like a spring), periplasmic flagella

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14
Q

How is the lactose OPERON used in bacteria? Include environmental conditions.

A

refer to study guide for drawing

The protein (repressor) made from mRNA transcription clamps onto the promotor depending on the different environmental conditions.

High Glucose, no Lactose - Repressor stays on gives not expressed

Low Glucose, no Lactose - cAMP binds to CAP site, no gene expression

High Glucose, some Lactose- very slow/low levels of gene expression, no cAMP or repressor

Low Glucose, some Lactose- very strong (Turbo) expression, cAMP binds to CAP site, no repressor

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15
Q

What are the 3 segments of Lactose OPERON?

A

Regulator -gene that codes for repressor

Control Locus- composed of promoter and operator

structural Locus i made of 3 genes each coding for an enzyme needed to catabolize lactose
- B-galactosidasei hydrolyzes lactose
-Permease: brings lactose across the cell membrane
- B-galactosidase transacetylase: uncertain function

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16
Q

Describe Lactose operon: Inducible operon

A

is turned on by a substrate

  • Normally off (without lactose, repressor binds with operator locus and blocks transcription of downstream structural genes)
  • Lactose turns operon on
  • Binding of lactose to repressor protein changes its shape and causes it to fall off the operator
  • RNA polymerase can bind promoter —– cAMP induces heavy translation of lactose
17
Q

Draw how DNA is replicated prior to binary fission in the bacteria or cellular mitosis in eukargotic pathogens. Make sure to include steps inorder and enzymes involved

A

30 different enzymes involved

*Topoisomerase - (gyrase-bacteria) binds upstream from origin of replication (A little clamp on the DNA strand)

  • Helicase -unwinds and unzips DNA double helix and SSB’s (single stranded binding proteins) prevent H-bonding from reforming
  • RNA primer- is synthesized (by RNA polymerase) at the origin of replication

*DNA polymerase 1 and 3:
3: adds bases that are complementary
1. replaces RNA primer with DNA nucleotides

  • DNA ligase -ties DNA after synthesis
18
Q

Draw DNA replication in Binary Fission

A

refer to study guide

19
Q

How does nature allow variation (4 ways) to be introduced into an asexual reproducing bacterial population, please explain each methods

A

Transposition- process whereby DNA independently excises from one location in DNA molecule and integrate elsewhere

  • Conjugation- transfer DNA through direct contact using conjugation pilus
  • Transformation- mechanism of horizontal gene transfer in which naked environmental DNA is taken up by bacterial cell

*Transduction - mechanism of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria, genes are transferred through viral infection

20
Q

what are the 3 ways to synthesize ATP?

A

glycolysis, krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation

21
Q

Discuss the process in which glucose undergoes complete oxidation to yield 38 ATPs (Be sure to discuss where ATPs are produced in the process and involvement of electron carriers)

A
  • Glycolysis - Glucose -> 2 Pyruvate (makes 2NADH and ZATP)
  • Preparatory Step - makes Acetyl COA (2NADH and 2CO2 )
  • Kreb’s Cycle- (6NADH, 2 FADH2, 4CO2, 2ATP)
  • ETC (30 ATP)
22
Q

What are the 6 types of microorganisms?

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Algae
Protozoa
Helminthes
Fungi
Viruses

23
Q

Who is Sir Francis Bacon?,

A

developed scientific method

24
Q

Who is Robert Hooke

A

made the earliest record of microbes

25
Q

Who is Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek

A

created the single lens-microscope (up to 300 ×)
Father of bacteriology and protozoology
1st to OBSERVE living microbes

26
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

contributed to germ theory of disease

showed microbes cause fermentation and spoilage

disproved spontaneous generation of microorganism

developed pasteurization

27
Q

John Tyndall

A

showed microbes have a very high heat resistance and are very difficult to destroy

28
Q

Ferdinand Cohn

A

found that sterility requires the elimination of all lifeforms including spores and viruses

29
Q

Ignaz Semmelweis

A

Hungarian OB/ GYN
established a link with intAction and diseases after labor

30
Q

Joseph Lister

A

First introduced aseptic technique to reduce microbes in a medical setting and prevent wound infections

31
Q

Robert Kock

A

1st to clearly show casual relationship between bacteria as casual agents and disease in infected animals and humans

Koch’s postulates- sequence of experimental steps that verified germ theory

ID’d cause of anthrax and developed pure culture methods

32
Q

Schwann and Virchow

A

cell theory
all living things are composed of cells
cells arise from other cells

33
Q

Gram

A

staining technique

34
Q

Buchner

A

biochemistry and enzymes

35
Q

Beijerinck and Winogradsky

A

(early 1900s) culture techniques

Micro (4 decks)

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