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Biostatistics > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The extent to which an instrument measures what it is intended to measure.

A. Internal Validity
B. External Validity
C. Validity
D. All of the above

A

C. Validity

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2
Q

The extent to which the clinical outcome of interest (dependent variable) in a study is caused by the treatment (independent variable).

A. Validity
B. Internal Validity
C. External Validity
D. Regression

A

B. Internal Validity

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3
Q

The following are threats to internal validity (select all that apply)

A. Regression
B. Correlation
C. History
D. Maturation

A

A. Regression
C. History
D. Maturation

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4
Q

Systematic error in the estimate of effect due to procedures used to select subject or factors that influence study participation or follow-up.

A. Maturation
B. Regression
C. Testing
D. Selection

A

D. Selection

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5
Q

Changes in the outcomes of a study due to the occurrence of external events during the course of the study.

A. History
B. Maturation
C. Attrition
D. Instrumentation

A

A. History

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6
Q

Naturally occurring changes over time that could be confused with the treatment effect.

A. Instrumentation
B. Attrition
C. Maturation
D. Selection

A

C. Maturation

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7
Q

Bias caused by differential drop out of patients in treatment and control groups in randomized control trial.

A. Selection
B. Maturation
C. Attrition
D. Instrumentation

A

C. Attrition

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8
Q

Bias that occurs because of changes in outcomes due to repeated (prior) assessments.

A. Instrumentation
B. Attrition
C. Testing
D. Selection

A

C. Testing

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9
Q

Changes in the outcomes due to instrumentation or technique used to measure the outcome.

A. Instrumentation
B. Maturation
C. Selection
D. History

A

A. Instrumentation

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10
Q

Shift in the initial extreme measures towards the mean or average in subsequent measures due to statistical variability.

A. Selection
B. History
C. Regression
D. Maturation

A

C. Regression

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11
Q

The extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other populations or settings.

A. Internal Validity
B. External Validity
C. Validity
D. None of the above

A

B. External Validity

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12
Q

A researcher at UTEP is interested in assessing the average IQ of UTEP students. The researcher recruits 45 participants from their Theoretical Dance class. What threat to validity is the researcher most likely to commit.

A. Threat to internal validity
B. Threat to external validity
C. Threat to History Bias
D. Threat to Maturation Bias

A

B. Threat to external validity

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13
Q

A researcher is investigating the impact of a new weight loss drug. Suppose that the weight loss drug is given to individuals who volunteered to be part of a weight loss program and that the comparison condition includes only individuals who were not volunteered in the weight loss program. What threat to internal validity is the researcher likely to commit:

A. Instrumentation
B. Blinding
C. Double Blind
D. Selection

A

D. Selection

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14
Q

A faculty member was interested in pharmacy student’sability to react quickly in emergency situations while participating in theirObjective Structured Clinical Exams (OSCE). Prior to the OSCE, the faculty member gave his students a practice problem which included time-sensitive emergency situation (similar to the situation they would encounter in their OSCE) that they needed to resolve. Which threat to internal validity is most likely to be present due to the faculty member providing a pre-test.

A. Attrition
B. Maturation
C. Instrumentation
D. Testing

A

D. Testing

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15
Q

A researcher used a physiological measure of stress (pulse oximeter) which assesses heart rate and blood oxygen levels. Midway through the study, the researcher realized that he received more precise measurements if the pulse oximeter was placed on the participants thumb instead of their index finger. What threat to internal validity does this scenario most likely represent.

A. Instrumentation
B. Regression
C. History
D. Selection

A

A. Instrumentation

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16
Q

A student earned a perfect score on their PCOA and was asked to take the test again because the student was suspected of cheating. The student did not receive a perfect score the second time that they took the PCOA, however, the student still scored extremely high. What is most likely the explanation for not receiving a perfect score again?

A. The student cheated
B. Maturation Bias
C. Regression Bias
D. All of the above

A

C. Regression Bias

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17
Q

What are the 5 types of Bias?

A. Attrition, Detention, Selection,Investigator, Priority,
B. Investigator, Participant, Attention, Maturation, Regression
C. Attrition,Detection,Implicit Bias, Performance, Selection
D. Investigator, Performance, Attrition, Detection, Selection

A

D. Investigator, Performance, Attrition, Detection, Selection

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18
Q

Technique that ensures that those involved (patients, investigators, monitors) in a research investigation are unaware of which treatment group patients have been allocated to until the study has ended.

A. Blinding/Masking
B. Hawthorn Effect
C. Confounding
D. Open Label

A

A. Blinding/Masking

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19
Q

Type of blinding in which patients and investigators are blinded, as well as an external group of individuals who are involved in monitoring the outcomes of the study.

A. Single Blind
B. Double Blind
C. Triple Blind
D. None of the above

A

C. Triple Blind

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20
Q

A study that involves unblinded participants, investigators, and assessors. In other words, all participants, investigators, and assessors are aware of the treatment allocation.

A. Longitudinal Design
B. Closed Label Design
C. Mixed Model Design
D. Open Label Design

A

D. Open Label Design

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21
Q

The process of assigning patients to a treatment or control group randomly, by chance alone.

A. Selection Bias
B. Randomization
C. Confounding Factor
D. None of the above

A

B. Randomization

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22
Q

A statistical estimation of the magnitude/strength of the association between 2 or more variables:

A. Simple Linear Regression
B. Effect Size
C. Chi-square analysis
D. Multiple Regression

A

B. Effect Size

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23
Q

The likelihood to detect an effect in a sample, if the effect truly exists in the population.

A. P-value
B. Significant Effect
C. Effect Size
D. Statistical Power

A

D. Statistical Power

24
Q

Suppose you are conducting your own study that investigates the impact of a new drug that reduces epileptic seizures in children. As you search the literature for other studies in the area, you find a study that is very similar to the study you are designing and thus you choose to replicate findings from the previous study. As you review the previous study, you find that the effect size was very large (r= 0.78; Cohen’s d = 2.50). This finding tells you that when you conduct a Power Analysis, you will most likely be able to recruit:

A. a larger sample size, because larger effect sizes require larger samples to detect an effect.
B. a smaller sample size, because larger effect sizes require smaller samples to detect an effect.
C. Adults with epilepsy
D. None of the above

A

B. a smaller sample size, because larger effect sizes require smaller samples to detect an effect.

25
Q

Consists of an inert (chemically inactive) substance (such as lactose powder) that is identical in appearance (shape and form) to the active treatment.

A. Placebo
B. Control Condition
C. Active Control
D. Historical Control

A

A. Placebo

26
Q

Type of study designed to determine the effects of the intervention under the conditions that the drug is most often used in the clinical setting.

A. Drug Efficacy Study
B. Drug Effectiveness Study
C. Dose-Response Study
D. Adaptive Design Study

A

B. Drug Effectiveness Study

27
Q

A _____________ study is when the independent variable is varied in a series of increasing levels. The more levels of treatment that are administered, the finer the assessment can be of the functional form of dosage effects.

A. Drug Efficacy Study
B. Drug Effectiveness Study
C. Increasing-Administration Study
D. Dose-Response Study

A

D. Dose-Response Study

28
Q

A _____________ involves a periodic analysis of study results while the study is ongoing.

A. Linear Regression
B. Multiple Regression
C. Interim Analysis
D. Fishing

A

C. Interim Analysis

29
Q

A __________ is an analysis of patient outcomes as if all of the subjects completed the study in their originally assigned group.

A. Intent to Treat Analysis
B. Interim Analysis
C. Simple Linear Regression Analysis
D. Multiple Regression Analysis

A

A. Intent to Treat Analysis

30
Q

Which of the following are limitations of a Randomized Control Trial (RCT)? Please select all that apply:

A. Expense and time commitment required by investigators and participants
B. High drop out rates during the study
C. Potential Hawthorne-type longitudinal learning that limits generalizability of the results.
D. RCTs have an inherently strong ability to determine the unbiased efficacy of an intervention.

A

A. Expense and time commitment required by investigators and participants
B. High drop out rates during the study
C. Potential Hawthorne-type longitudinal learning that limits generalizability of the results.

31
Q

The extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other populations or settings.

A. Validity
B. Internal Validity
C. External Validity
D. Regression

A

C. External Validity

32
Q

__% of the values in a normal distribution fall within one SD of the mean, and __% of the values fall within two SDs of the mean.

A. 50%; 100%
B. 25%, 95%
C. 68%; 95%
D. 95%; 99%

A

C. 68%; 95%

33
Q

A researcher is examining the impact of an exercise intervention on weight loss. The researched assessed other variables such as caloric intake, well-being, gender, age, and prior weight. Identify whether the following variable is a moderator, mediator, both, or none of the above: caloric intake
A. Moderator
B. Mediator
C. Both a and b
D. None of the above

A

Mediator

34
Q

A researcher is examining the impact of an exercise intervention on weight loss. The researched assessed other variables such as caloric intake, well-being, gender, age, and prior weight. Identify whether the following variable is a moderator, mediator, both, or none of the above: well-being
A. Moderator
B. Mediator
C. Both a and b
D. None of the above

A

Mediator

35
Q

A researcher is examining the impact of an exercise intervention on weight loss. The researched assessed other variables such as caloric intake, well-being, gender, age, and prior weight. Identify whether the following variable is a moderator, mediator, both, or none of the above: gender
A. Moderator
B. Mediator
C. Both a and b
D. None of the above

A

Moderator

36
Q

A researcher is examining the impact of an exercise intervention on weight loss. The researched assessed other variables such as caloric intake, well-being, gender, age, and prior weight. Identify whether the following variable is a moderator, mediator, both, or none of the above: age
A. Moderator
B. Mediator
C. Both a and b
D. None of the above

A

Moderator

37
Q

A researcher is examining the impact of an exercise intervention on weight loss. The researched assessed other variables such as caloric intake, well-being, gender, age, and prior weight. Identify whether the following variable is a moderator, mediator, both, or none of the above: prior weight
A. Moderator
B. Mediator
C. Both a and b
D. None of the above

A

Moderator

37
Q

Dr. Frietze is interested in examining the impact of a new drug that is expected to reduce epilepsy-associated seizures. Dr. Frietze randomly assigns patients with epilepsy to one of two conditions: 1) treatment condition that receives the new drug, or 2) a control condition that receives a placebo. Dr. Frietze assessed the total number of seizures per month in each patient and is interested in understanding whether differences exist between the treatment group and the control group. What is the dependent variable in this example?
A. total number of seizures per month
B. treatment vs. no treatment
C. epilepsy patients
D. None of the above

A

Total number of seizures per month

38
Q

Dr. Frietze is interested in examining the impact of a new drug that is expected to reduce epilepsy-associated seizures. Dr. Frietze randomly assigns patients with epilepsy to one of two conditions: 1) treatment condition that receives the new drug, or 2) a control condition that receives a placebo. Dr. Frietze assessed the total number of seizures per month in each patient and is interested in understanding whether differences exist between the treatment group and the control group. What is the independent variable in this example?
A. total number of seizures per month
B. treatment vs. no treatment
C. epilepsy patients
D. None of the above

A

Treatment vs. no treatment

39
Q

Dr. Dawinski is interested in examining the impact of a new drug (Epidiolex) that is expected to reduce epilepsy- associated seizures. Dr. Dawinski randomly assigns patients with epilepsy (n = 5,000) to one of two conditions: 1) treatment condition that receives the new drug, or 2) a control condition that receives a placebo.
Dr. Dawinski assessed the race (White, Black, Native American, etc.,) of each patient and is interested in understanding if there are differences is race in regards to experiencing a seizure (yes/no) within 72 hours of taking the new drug. What type of analysis (statistical test) is best for examining if there were differences in experiencing a seizure within 72 hours per race? (select best answer)
A. One-way ANOVA
B. Two sample t-test
C. Linear Regression
D. Chi-Square test

A

Chi-Square test

40
Q

Dr. Dawinski is interested in examining the impact of a new drug that is expected to reduce epilepsy-associated seizures. Dr. Dawinski randomly assigns patients with epilepsy (n = 20) to one of two conditions: 1) treatment condition that receives the new drug, or 2) a control condition that receives a placebo. Dr. Dawinski assessed if there are differences in experiencing a seizure (yes/no) within 72 hours of taking the new drug between the treatment and control group. Dr. Dawinski notices that in one of the four cells (from his statistical table), he only had 3 patients because his sample size was very small. What type of analysis (statistical test) is best for to address Dr. Dawinski’s interest? (select best answer)
A. One-way ANOVA
B. Two sample t-test
C. Fisher’s exact test
D. Chi-Square test

A

Fisher’s exact test

41
Q

Dr. Frietze is interested in examining the impact of a new drug that is expected to increase cognitive abilities. Dr. Frietze randomly assigns 500 participants to one of four conditions: 1) treatment condition that receives the new drug, 2) treatment condition that receives new drug and tutoring, 3) a comparison condition that does not receive the new drug but receives tutoring, or 4) a control condition that does not receive the new drug or does not receive tutoring. All participants subsequently complete a 27 question math test that is scored from 0-100, with the score of a 0 indicating no correct responses and a score of 100 indicating that all 27 questions were answered
correctly. What type of analysis (statistical test) is best for examining if there were differences in math scores between groups? (select best answer)
A. Two sample t-test
B. Chi-square Test
C. One-way ANOVA
D. Logistic Regression

A

One-way ANOVA

42
Q

Dr. Frietze is interested in examining the impact of a new drug that is expected to increase cognitive abilities. Dr. Frietze recruits 100 college students to participate in a 2 part study (pre and post). Students are asked to complete a math test at 2 time points. The math test included 27 question, scores can range from 0-100.
Procedure: First, participants visit the lab and complete the math test to provide a baseline measurement. Participants are then given a weeks supply of the “new” drug and asked to take the drug every day. A week later participants visit the lab again and take the math exam. What type of analysis (statistical test) is best for examining if there were differences on scores on the math exam at time 1 (baseline) and time 2? Additionally, what threat to internal validity is most likely to be present? (select best answer)
A. Paired t-test; Instrumentation
B. McNemar’s Test; Instrumentation
C. Paired t-test; Testing
D. McNemar’s Test;Testing

A

Paired t-test; Testing

43
Q

Dr. Frietze is interested in examining the impact of a new drug that is expected to increase cognitive abilities. Dr. Frietze recruits 100 college students to participate in a 2 part study (pre and post). Students are asked to complete a math test at 2 time points. The math test included 27 questions, however, participants were only provided with a pass/fail score on the exam.
Procedure: First, participants visit the lab and complete the math test to provide a baseline measurement. Participants are then given a weeks supply of the “new” drug and asked to take the drug every day. A week later participants visit the lab again and take the math exam. The exam is scored using a pass/fail scale. What type of analysis (statistical test) is best for examining if there were differences on pass/fail rates at time 1 (baseline) and time 2? Additionally, what threat to internal validity is most likely to be present? (select best answer)
A. Paired t-test; Instrumentation
B. McNemar’s Test; Instrumentation
C. Paired t-test; Testing
D. McNemar’s Test;Testing

A

McNemar’s Test;Testing

44
Q

Dr. Frietze is interested in examining the impact of a new drug that is expected to reduce epilepsy-associated seizures. Dr. Frietze randomly assigns patients with epilepsy (n = 19) to one of two conditions: 1) treatment condition that receives the new drug, or 2) a control condition that receives a placebo. Dr. Frietze assessed the race (White, Black, Native American, etc.,) of each patient and is interested in understanding whether differences in race impacted the effectiveness of the drug. Importantly, due to the small sample size, there are some cells (e.g., cells assessing various races) that include less than 5 patients. What type of analysis (statistical test) is best for examining
if there were differences in the amount of seizures per race?
(select best answer)
A. Chi-Square test
B. Fisher’s exact test
C. Wilcoxon Signed Rank test
D. Kruskal Wallis test

A

Fisher’s exact test

45
Q

A ___________ is used to describe and evaluate the relationship between a single continuous dependent variable and one or more independent variables. Please fill in the blank with the best answer.
A. Chi-square analysis
B. Linear Regression Model
C. Paired samples t-test
D. Independent samples t-test

A

Linear Regression Model

46
Q

A variable that alters the strength and/or direction of the relationship between an independent variable and
dependent variable.
A. Mediator
B. Moderator
C. Effect size
D. Interdependent Variable

A

Moderator

47
Q

An intermediate or intervening variable in a causal chain relating an independent and dependent variable.
A. Mediator
B. Moderator
C. Effect size
D. Interdependent Variable

A

Mediator

48
Q

Dr. Frietze is interested in examining the impact of a new drug that is expected to increase cognitive abilities. Dr. Frietze recruits 100 college students and randomly assigns them to 1 of 3 conditions: 1) control condition, 2) a treatment condition in which the drug is given to the participant, and 3) a treatment condition in which the drug is given to the participant in combination with tutoring. Students are asked to complete a math test that includes 27 questions, however, participants were only provided with a pass/fail score on the exam. What type of analysis (statistical test) is best for examining if there were differences on pass/fail rates on the math exam between groups?
A. Simple Linear Regression
B. Multiple Linear Regression
C. Logistic Regression
D. One-way ANOVA

A

Logistic Regression

49
Q

A researcher recruites patients to participate in a study in which they will need to visit the laboratory two times for a pre-assessment and a post-assessment. The researchers provides all of the patients a treatment in between the pre and post assessment and wants to assesses if the treatment decreases Body Mass Index (BMI). The most appropriate test for determining if there are differences in BMI is:
A. Paired samples t-test
B. Mann Whitney U Test
C. Logistic Regression
D. Three-way ANOVA

A

Paired samples t-test

50
Q

A researcher randomly assigns participants to a treatment condition and a control condition and assesses if the treatment increased self-satisfaction (as indexed by a Likert type scale; responses ranged from 1-5). The most appropriate test for determining if there are differences in BMI between the treatment and control condition for the skewed data is:
A. Paired samples t-test
B. Mann Whitney U Test
C. Logistic Regression
D. None of the above

A

Mann Whitney U Test

51
Q

A researcher randomly assigns participants to a treatment condition and a control condition and assesses if the treatment reduced Body Mass Index (BMI). The most appropriate test for determining if there are differences in BMI between the treatment and control condition is:
A. Paired samples t-test
B. Independent samples t-test
C. Logistic Regression
D. None of the above

A

Logistic Regression

52
Q

Scatter plot illustrating the relationship between treatment effect estimates from individual studies and precision (e.g., standard error or variance); such plots are one approach that can be used to assess the risk of publication bias.
A. Funnel plot
B. Forest plot
C. Foraging tool
D. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve

A

Funnel plot

53
Q

Quantitative synthesis of data derived from individual studies (usually three or more) identified through a systematic review process. A systematic approach to combining the effect sizes across many studies to derive a weighted average effect size.
A. Narrative review
B. Observational design
C. Population-based case-control study
D. Meta-analysis

A

Meta-analysis

54
Q

Results from the likelihood that studies with positive findings are more likely to be published, the these published findings are more likely to be identified and included in a systematic review or meta-analysis.
A. Homogeneity of variances
B. Publication Bias
C. Investigator Bias
D. Statistical Power

A

Publication Bias

Biostatistics (1 decks)

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