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Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

describe the chemical composition of the plasma membrane and relate it to membrane functions

A

phospholipid bilayer with hydrophobic interior and hydrophilic exterior act as a barrier to separate intracellular fluid from extracellular fluid (hydrophilic phosphate heads near the fluid) and holds cell together

membrane proteins act as selective barrier

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2
Q

cell theory

A

cell is structural and functional unit of life
structure = function
cells arise from pre-existing cells

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3
Q

plasma membrane

A

flexible outer boundary that acts as active barrier between intracellular and extracellular fluids; controls what enters and leaves the cell

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4
Q

membrane proteins

A

allow cell communication with environment and most have specialized functions

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5
Q

two types of membrane proteins

A

integral and peripheral

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6
Q

integral membrane proteins structure and function

A

firmly inserted into plasma membrane and most span the membrane
hydrophobic region interact w/lipid tails
hydrophilic region interacts w/water

function as transport proteins, enzymes, and receptors

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7
Q

peripheral proteins structure and function

A

loosely attached to surface of phospholipid bilayer and include filaments on extracellular surface for plasma membrane support

function as enzymes, motor proteins for shape changes during cell division/muscle contraction, and cell-to-cell connections

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8
Q

glycalyx structure and function

A

sugars (carbohydrates) sticking out of cell surface creating a pattern unique to each cell

biological markers for cell-to-cell recognition; allows immune system to recognize “self” vs foreigner

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9
Q

cytoplasm

A

cellular material located between plasma membrane and nucleus: cytosol, inclusions, and organelles

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10
Q

cytosol

A

gel-like solution made up of water and soluble molecules (proteins, salts, sugars)

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11
Q

inclusions

A

insoluble molecules that vary w/cell type

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12
Q

examples of inclusions

A

glycogen, granules, pigments, lipid droplets, vacuoles, crystals

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13
Q

cytoplasmic organelles

A

metabolic machinery of cell; can be membranous or non-membranous

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14
Q

membranous organelles

A

mitochondria, ER, golgi, peroxisomes, lysosomes

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15
Q

non-membranous organelles

A

ribosomes, cytoskeleton, centrioles

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16
Q

mitochondria structure/function

A

Structure: double membrane; inner membrane = cristae imbedded with membrane proteins inner membrane; contain own DNA, RNA, and ribosomes

Function: produce most of cells ATP via aerobic resp.

capable of cellular division (fission)

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17
Q

ribosomes structure/function

A

non-membranous organelles made up of protein and ribosomal RNA (rRNA); can be either free or membrane-bound (attached to rough ER)

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS!!! free ribosomes= synthesis of soluble proteins functioning in cytosol; membrane bound= synthesis of intramembrane proteins, lysosome proteins, and proteins to be exported from the cell

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18
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum structure/function

A

series of parallel, interconnected cisterns continuous with the outer membrane; contains ribosomes

synthesize/modify proteins; package in vesicles to be sent to golgi

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19
Q

what types of molecules are synthesized in the rough ER

A

proteins that will be secreted from the cell
plasma membrane proteins and phospholipids

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20
Q

structure/funciton smooth ER

A

network of looped tubules continuous w/rough ER; contains enzymes w/in its plasma membrane

Enzymes w/in smooth ER perform:
- Lipid metabolism; cholesterol and steroid-based hormone synthesis; making
lipids for lipoproteins
- Absorption, synthesis, and transport of fats
- Detoxification of certain chemicals (drugs, pesticides, etc.)
- Converting of glycogen to free glucose
- Storage and release of calcium

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21
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

specialized smooth ER found in skeletal and
cardiac muscle cells

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22
Q

golgi apparatis structure/function

A

Stacked and flattened membranous cistern sacs

Modifies, concentrates, and packages proteins and lipids received from rough ER

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23
Q

three steps of golgi protein packaging

A
  1. Transport vesicles from ER fuse with cis (inner) face of Golgi
  2. Proteins or lipids taken inside are further modified, tagged, sorted, and packaged
  3. Golgi is “traffic director,” controlling which of three pathways final products will
    take as new transport vesicles pinch off trans (outer) face
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24
Q

three possible pathways of final transport vesicle from the golgi

A

– Pathway A: Secretory vesicles containing proteins to be used outside of cell
fuse with plasma membrane and exocytosis contents
– Pathway B: Vesicles containing lipids or transmembrane proteins fuse with
plasma membrane or organelle membrane, inserting contents directly into
destination membrane
– Pathway C: Lysosomes containing digestive enzymes remain in cell, holding
contents in vesicle until needed

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25
peroxisomes structure/function
Membranous sacs containing powerful detoxifying substances that neutralize toxins and play a role in breakdown and synthesis of fatty acids
26
free radicals
toxic, highly reactive molecules that are natural by-products of cellular metabolism; can cause havoc to cell if not detoxified
27
lysosomes structure/function
Spherical membranous bags containing digestive enzymes (acid hydrolases) – Considered “safe” sites because they isolate potentially harmful intracellular digestion from rest of cell -- Digest ingested bacteria, viruses, and toxins -- Degrade nonfunctional organelles -- Metabolic functions: break down and release glycogen; break down and release Ca2+ from bone -- Intracellular release in injured causes cells to digest themselves (autolysis)
28
cytoskeleton structure and function
Elaborate network of rods that run throughout cytosol; can be either Microfilaments, Intermediate filaments, or Microtubules rods link to to other strucutres via proteins; cell movement
29
Microfilaments structure/function
Thinnest of all cytoskeletal elements made of semi-flexible strands of protein actin strengthen cell surface and can be involved in cell motility, changes in cell shape, or endocytosis and exocytosis
30
Intermediate filaments structure/function
Size is in between microfilaments and microtubules Tough, insoluble, ropelike protein fibers composed of tetramer (4) fibrils twisted together, resulting in one strong fiber Help cell resist pulling forces; act as internal guy-wires
31
microtubules structure/function
Largest of cytoskeletal elements; consist of hollow tubes composed of protein subunits called tubulins, which are constantly being assembled and disassembled; Most radiate from centrosome Determine overall shape of cell and distribution of organelles: keep organelles in place and are used as roads by motor proteins
32
centrosome
located near the nucleus containing granular matrix and centrioles microtubule organizing center
33
centriole structure/function
barrel shaped microtubular organelles source of radiation of newly assembled microtubules; form basis of cilia and flagella
34
nucleus strucutre and function
largest cell structure; contains DNA; consists of Nuclear envelope, Nucleoli, and Chromatin
35
uninucleate
one nucleus (most cell types)
36
mulitnucleate
many nuclei; found in skeletal muscle, certain bone cells, and some liver cells
37
anucleate
no nucleus mature RBC
38
pathway of secretion
1. Rough ER synthesizes proteins via ribosomes 2. protein containing vesicles pinch off from rough ER; migrate to fuse w/golgi membrane 3. proteins modified in golgi compartments based off signaling instructions 4. proteins packaged w/in vesicle 5. secretion via exocytosis at plasma membrane
39
Nuclear Envelope structure/function
Double lipid bilayer barrier that encloses the jelly-like fluid, the nucleoplasm; contains outer layer (continuous w/rough ER and has ribosomes) and an inner layer (nuclear lamina); nuclear pores maintains nuclear shape and acts as scaffolding for DNA Nuclear pores control what goes in and out of nucleus
40
nucleoli structure/function
1-2 Dark-staining spherical bodies within nucleus per cell involved in ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis and ribosome subunit assembly; houses DNA
41
chromatin structure/function
threadlike strands of DNA (and a little RNA) wrapped around histone proteins; Arranged in fundamental units called nucleosomes Chemical alterations of histones have an effect on DNA and therefore can help regulate gene expression!!!!
42
Phases of the cell cycle
Interphase and growth (mitotic) phase
43
Interphase
Period from cell formation to cell division; cell carries out routine activities and prepares for cell division by replicating DNA nuclear material is in uncondensed chromatin state three sub-phases: G1, S, G2
44
G1
first substage of interphase vigorous growth and metabolism
45
S (synthetic)
middle sub-stage of interphase DNA replication
46
G2 (gap 2)
final sub-stage of interphase preparation for cell division
47
M (mitotic) stage
cellular division consisting of mitosis and cytokinesis to create two identical daughter cells
48
Mitosis
division of nucleus with duplicated DNA distributed to new daughter cells Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
49
prophase
Early: - chromatin condenses to form sister chromatids Late: - nuclear envelope dissolves; microtubules begin to pull chromosomes towards equator and push cell poles further apart
50
metaphase
chromatids align at the cell equator
51
anaphase
centrioles pull one part of each sister chromatid to the pole via kinetochore motor proteins
52
telophase
each set of chromosomes uncoil, nucleoli reappear, and nuclear membranes form result in two identical cells
53
cytokinesis
begins during late anaphase and continues through mitosis actin microfilaments pinch the daughter cells apart
54
role of cell cycle checkpoints
make sure that cell division is precise and accurate; results in mutations if errors aren't caught and ensures that cells only divide when necessary
55
three cell cycle checkpoints
Cell growth checkpoint= end of G1; ensures that cell is big enough and has proper proteins DNA synthesis checkpoint= during S phase; checks that DNA replicated correctly Mitosis checkpoint= during M phase; checks that mitosis is complete before cell divides
56
epithelium definition
sheet of cells that line all body surfaces, body cavities, and tubular organs function as barriers
57
epithelium arises from all three embryonic germ layers: _____, ______, and ______.
ectoderm (skin) endoderm (organ lining) mesoderm (blood vesssels)
58
characteristics of epithelium
tightly packed cells w/little to no intercellular substance = uniform strong barrier avascular (no blood vessels) so nutrients diffuse capable of regeneration and repair polarized (two different ends)
59
apical surface epithelium
exposed to external environment
60
basal surface of epithelial cell
lies on a supporting connective tissue but separated by a basement membrane made of basal lamina and laminin
61
basement membrane
layer of collagenous fibers (basal lamina) and laminin separating epithelial cells from connective tissue
62
simple epithelial cells definition
single layer of cells
63
four types of simple epithelial cells
simple squamous simple cuboidal simple columnar pseudostratified columnar
64
simple squamous
cells are very flat --> gases and liquids diffuse easily line moist internal surfaces endothelium, mesothelium, or epithelium (no special name)
65
endothelium
simple squamous cells lining all blood vessels, lymphatics, and the heart
66
mesothelium
simple squamous epithelium cells lining serous body cavities/tubular abdominal organs
67
epithelium (as a type of simple squamous cells)
line small tubules in kidneys in the thin loops of nephron
68
simple cuboidal epithelial cells description and location
width and height of cells are equal line small ducts
69
simple columnar epithelial cells description and location
height of cells > width line GI tract --> have secretory and absorptive capability
70
pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells
columnar cells; all tough basement membrane but not all reach the lumen (look layered but are NOT) reproductive and resp. tracts --> move particulate matter usually have cilia
71
stratified epithelial cells definition and three types
two or more layers of cells -- top layer defines the epithelium stratified squamous stratified cuboidal/columnar transitional
72
stratified squamous epithelium description and location and types
squamous surface cells, other layers polyhedral protective! two types: - keratinized (dry): surface cells synthesize karatin; ex: skin - non-keratinized (wet): surface cells are viable; have connective tissue protrusions; found in transition space from keratinized to inside of body; ex: esophagus, inside of mouth
73
stratified cuboidal/columnar epithelial cells description and location
surface layer is cuboidal or columnar line large ducts
74
stratified transitional cells description and location
layered epithelium that changes between cuboidal and columnar depending on state and distention (top layer more puffy when relaxed vs distended) all cells contact basement membrane found in urinary tract ONLY
75
functions of epithelium (7)
protection (skin) secretion (endocrine glands) absorption (intestine) excretion (kidney tubules) sensation (tastebuds, retina) transportation (trachea) reproduction (testes)

Microanatomy (1 decks)

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