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PHARM 5114 A&P 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Human Physiology

A

How the normal body functions
How the body accomplishes tasks essential for life

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2
Q

Define Pathophysiology

A

How physiological processes are altered in disease
Drugs are altered in disease states

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3
Q

Anatomy

A

Study of the structures of the body

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4
Q

Structural organization of the human body from smallest to largest

A

Chemical level: a molecule in the membrane that encloses a cell
Cellular level: a cell in the stomach lining
Tissue level: layers of the tissue in the stomach wall
Organ Level: the stomach
Body system: digestive tract
Organism Level: the whole human body

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5
Q

Chemical Level described

A

Atoms: smallest unit of matter
Molecules: atoms combine to form molecules with special characteristics

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6
Q

What are the four primary atoms

A

carbon
hydrogen
nitrogen
oxygen

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7
Q

What are the five primary compounds

A

water
proteins
lipids
nucleic acids
carbohydrates

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8
Q

What is a cell?

A

the living structural and functional unit capable of carrying out life processes

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9
Q

What are the parts of the cellular level

A

organelles, which are made of compounds/molecules

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10
Q

What are organelles

A

they are surrounded by a membrane
they carry out specific functions for the cell and are found throughout the cytoplasm
Examples: nucleus, mitochondria, ER, lysosome, etc.

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11
Q

Types of cell functions

A

Basic: essential for the survival of each cell and it is similar for all cells
Specialized: essential for the survival of the human body

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12
Q

What are the basic cell functions

A

Obtain nutrients and oxygen
Metabolism: use nutrients and oxygen in chemical reactions to make ATP + synthesize proteins and other compounds for cellular growth, which is important for the repair of the plasma membrane
Eliminate cellular waste (ex: CO2)
Sensitive and responsive to changes in the environment
Control exchange of materials between the environment and the cell
Reproduction: important for epithelial cells

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13
Q

What are specialized functions

A

Cell differentiation

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14
Q

Primary cell types/tissue types

A

Epithelial
Nerve
Muscle
Connective

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15
Q

What are the two epithelial tissue types

A

sheets
glands

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16
Q

What are epithelial sheets

A

cover and line parts of the body, which include the cavities of hollow organs (ex: stomach lining)
act as a barrier between the external environment and the internal environment of the body or selective transfer of materials

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17
Q

Classification of epithelial sheets

A

Number of layers and the shape of cells in one layer
Shapes of cells
1. Squamous: flattened
2. Cuboidal: as wide as they are tall
3. Columnar: taller than they are wide
Layers:
1. Simple: one cell thick
2. Stratified: numerous layers of cells

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18
Q

Examples of epithelial sheets

A

Examples for a range of function
epidermis of the skin (stratified squamous): numerous layers containing keratin
lining of the GI tract (simple columnar): secretion and absorption of nutrients

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19
Q

What is keratin

A

Water resistant that allows for water retention and a barrier to infection/harmful microbes

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20
Q

Describe the intestinal epithelial cells

A
  1. constant loss and renewal
  2. have tight junctions
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21
Q

What are the purpose of tight junctions

A

prevent transfer of harmful microorganisms and toxins from the gut lumen into circulation
transport mechanism for absorption

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22
Q

Describe the structure of the mucous membrane (mucosa)

A

one or more layers or epithelial cells
connective tissue layer (include blood vessels and nerves)

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23
Q

Examples of mucosa

A

Lines the body cavities
digestive, urogenital and respiratory tracts, lips, mouth, nasal passages, eustachian tubes

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24
Q

Functions of mucous (adjective) secretions (mucous=noun)

A

mucin, water, inorganic salts, dead cells all lubricate and protect the tissue
act as a physical barrier preventing penetration by microbes

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25
Serous membrane (serosa)
epithelial tissues attached to connective tissue and lines the internal body cavities forms a two layered membrane, cavity between cells secrete a lubricating fluid into the cavity the fluid reduces friction
26
Examples of serous membranes
Peritoneum: abdominal organs Pericardium: heart Pleura: lungs
27
Epithelial Glands
a type of epithelial tissue specialized to produce secretions they synthesize specific productions that are released in response to a specific stimulus
28
two types of epithelial glands
exocrine: secretions that flow through the ducts endocrine: secretions that are emptied into blood vessels
29
How do glands form
invagination, forms pocket of epithelial cells
30
Exocrine glands
31
Endocrine glands
32
Muscle tissue
cells specialized for contraction and force generation
33
Types of muscle tissue
skeletal cardiac smooth
34
Characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue
striated cells run the length of the muscle voluntary: conscious control mostly attached to bones by tendons EXCEPTIONS: tongue, superior portion of the esophagus, anal sphincter, diaphragm
35
Characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue
short, branched, striated arranged so all cells in the chamber contract as a whole contain intercalated discs: connective tissue that couple with myocardial cells together including mechanically and electrically have gap junctions: ion channels are located here where action potentials pass through
36
Characteristics of smooth muscle tissue
no striations, which means that there is no actin or myosin found in the digestive tract, blood vessels, bronchioles, ducts of reproductive and urinary systems
37
Characteristics of Nerve Tissue
Neurons: nerve cells specialized for the initiation and transmission of electrical impulses
38
Neuroglia cells
also known as glial cells functional and structural support for the neurons helps aid in taking excess ions like potassium away help neurons find its place during development maintain synaptic connection
39
Neurons
Parts: cell body and dendrites (receptive areas), axon (specialized for conducting nerve impulses) control the activity of other cells -initiation of impulses in other nerve cells, secretion by gland cells, contraction of a muscle cell
40
Characteristics of connective tissue
Connects, anchors, supports, insulates, protects the structures of the body Few cells: fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts) and a large amount of extracellular material (fibers and ground substance)
41
Extracellular Material
fibers and ground substance Cells -> fiber material (Proteins) Collagen protein -> collagen (tough strength) Elastin proteins -> elastin (stretches and recoils) Cells -> ground substance (complex sugars, protein and crystalized minerals)
42
Types of Connective Tissue
Gel-Like matrix: mucous membranes, organs, capillaries, adipose tissue under the skin and around kidneys, eyeballs, abdomen and breasts, lymphoid organs like the lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen Dense connective tissue: tendons, ligaments, dermis of the skin, submucosa of the GI tract, fibrous capsules of organs and joints, walls of the aorta parts of the trachea and bronchi, vocal chords, and connective vertebrae Cartilage: nose, trachea, larynx, ribs, external ear, epiglottis, intervertebral discs, discs of the knee joint Bone: calcified matrix Blood: red and white cells in the fluid matrix
43
Description of Organs
composed of two or more tissues (usually all 4 types of tissue) organized to perform a function EX: 1. stomach: mechanical and secretion functions: mixes food with gastric secretions to form thick liquid (chyme) 2. Heart: muscle cells contract to pump blood and generate a blood pressure that drives blood through the circulatory system 3. skin
44
The Skin
Sensory receptors Epidermis Dermis Hypodermis
45
Characteristics of the Epidermis
waterproof barrier and provides skin tone: protections consists of mainly dead cells that are constantly replaced outermost layer
46
Characteristics of the Dermis
tough, connective tissue, contains hair follicles and sweat glands
47
Characteristics of the Hypodermis
innermost layer contains fat and connective tissue
48
Roles of the skin
1. protection 2. prevent excess water and nutrient loss
49
What is homeostasis
maintaining balance throughout the body, involved the extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid
50
Characteristics of Homeostasis
Maintain of the internal environment (extracellular fluid: ECF) within narrow limits Variables are maintained within a normal range around a set point
51
Examples of variables that are maintained regarding homeostasis
nutrients: energy production for cell activities Concentration of O2 and CO2 in the blood Concentration of waste products (urea) pH: affects nerve impulses and enzyme activity Concentration of water, salt, and other electrolytes Body temperature Blood pressure Blood glucose
52
Intracellular Fluid (ICF)
inside the cells 67% of the total body water
53
Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
Aqueous internal environment for cells (33% of total body water) Components: plasma interstitial fluid
54
What is the composition of ECF
it is maintained by organ systems maintain composition of plasma free exchange between plasma and interstitial fluid (except proteins and blood cells) concentration of dissolved substances similar in both ECF compartments Differ: amounts of protein and blood cells
55
What is the significance of homeostasis
it is essential for survival of cells, which make up body systems, which maintain variables including the ECF
56
Types of Control Systems
Intrinsic: within an organ Extrinsic: nervous system and endocrine system
57
Closed Feedback Systems
Negative: effective organ responses bring variable back to normal and shuts off the original stimulus (when the variable is out of its normal range) Positive: effector output is in the same direction (ex: blood clotting and enhancement of labor contractions during birth)
58
Components of a Negative Feedback Control System
Objective: maintain homeostasis: constancy of the ECF Sensors: changes in the body stimulate sensors or sensory receptors, which send information to the integrating center and respond to the variable Integrating center: brain and spinal cord: they interpret incoming information (from one or more places) and knows the range and set point), which initiates responses Effectors: muscles or glands: integrating center may increase or decrease effector activity to correct deviation and defend homeostasis
59
Regulation of Blood Glucose
60
The cell
the smallest structural and functional unit that carries out life processes
61
Plasma Membrane
encloses the cell and separates fluids ->intracellular fluid: in the cell ->extracellular fluid: outside of the cell controls the movement of molecular between the ICF and the ECF
62
Nucleus
contains genetic material Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA): the genetic material replicated for cell division
63
Cytoplasm
where cell organelles are found cell organelles carry out a particular cellular functioni contains the cytosol: semiliquid mass
64
Where are cell organelles enclosed
they are enclosed in the membrane exceptions: ribosomes, nucleolus, and cytoskeleton
65
The nucleus
enclosed in a double membrane with nuclear pores, which allow for regulation of what enters the nucleus contains chromosomes: strand (s) of DNA
66
Gene
A region of DNA that contains the code to produce a particular mRNA for transcription
67
mRNA
transported (proteins) through the nuclear pores and binds to r-RNA to synthesize a specific protein during translation
68
nucleolus
the site of ribosome (rRNA) synthesis (DNA code) : cytoplasm or rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
69
Ribosomes
RNA sites of protein synthesis or translation can be free or bound
70
Free cytoplasmic ribosomes
synthesize proteins include proteins that are used by the cell itself proteins for the nucleus, mitochondria, peroxisomes cytoplasmic proteins
71
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
ribosomes are bound to the ER membrane (proteins for the cell and for secretion)
72
What do both free and bound ribosomes have in common
they are structurally identical and interchangeable
73
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
flattened membrane sacs studded with ribosomes enclose fluid-filled spaces: cisternae Their role is to synthesize proteins that enter cisternae, which are modified includes initial folding of proteins proteins exported as secretory products: hormones or enzymes protein that remains in the cell it also synthesizes lipids
74
Examples of cells with Extensive RER
1. Gastric Glands in the stomach: parietal cells: secrete hydrochloric acid chief cells secrete pepsinogen, which flow into the lumen and is converted into pepsin 2. Endocrine glands: produce protein and peptide hormones Beta cells of the pancreas produce insulin Acinar cells of the pancreas: digestive enzymes
75
Characteristics of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
No ribosomes present The basic functions: newly synthesized proteins and lipids from the RER and the SER are packaged in transport vesicles then to the golgi complex for further processing for export out of the cell Specialized functions: abundant SER in cells that secrete hormones (liver cells and muscle cells)
76
Process of Isolating of Cell Organelles
Centrifugation (using speed and weight) Low speed separates (precipitates) nuclei Intermediate speed separates the mitochondria, lysosomes, and peroxisomes High speed: precipitates the free ribosome and endoplasmic reticulum
77
What is the relationship between microsomes and drug therapy?
Hepatic microsomal enzymes: enzymes in the SER of liver cells: Cytochrome P450 -Metabolize drugs: change their structure -Detoxification of foreign substances including environment toxin
78
Characteristic of the Golgi Complex (Apparatus)
Flattened sacs with cavities (cisternae) Endoplasmic reticulum vesicles that contain cellular products enter the Golgi and are packaged into vesicles that bud off the sac --Work with lysosomes --Secretory vesicles: released from the cell by exocytosis
79
Secretion Process for Proteins Synthesized by the RER
1. rough ER synthesize proteins 2. smooth ER packages the secretory product into transport vesicles 3. the transport vesicles fuse with the golgi complex 4. newly synthesized protein from the ER travel through the golgi complex 5. secretory vesicles bud off the golgi complex 6. secretory vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and empty to the exterior
80
Characteristics of Lysosomes
it is an intracellular digestive system contain hydrolytic enzymes that breakdown the contents to form amino acids, glucose, fatty acids that enter the cytoplasm has an acidic environment it fuses with the membrane of endocytic vesicles
81
What is endocytosis
the uptake of extracellular material (enclosed in a vesicle which forms an endocytic vesicle)
82
Types of Endocytosis
phagocytosis: white blood cells: cells membrane surrounds the particle, encloses it in the vesicle that enters the cell and fuses with the lysosome pinocytosis: cell drinking receptor-mediated endocytosis: very specific
83
What is apoptosis
programmed cell death EX: embryonic webbed fingers: cells of webbing die
84
What are peroxisomes
they contain oxidative enzymes that allow for the breakdown of organic molecules they produce and compose H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) --contain catalase: converts H2O2 into H20 and O2 detoxify cell compounds, foreign toxic compounds, alcohol

PHARM 5114 A&P 1 (1 decks)

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