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Parasit > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Nematode structure

A

Large body cavity containing fluid under pressure
Longitudinal muscle fibers

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2
Q

How to decide male or female nematode

A

Buccaneers cavity, bursate vs non-bursate, vulva or not

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3
Q

What is different of strongyloidea?

A

Cannot tell them about

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4
Q

How do we distinguish strongyles?

A

Life cycle and baccalaureate cavity

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5
Q

Large vs small strongyles are distinguished by?

A

Buccal cavity - large have deeper buccal cavities than small

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6
Q

Cyathostomes are another name for

A

Small strongyles in equids

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7
Q

What is the most common parasite of well-managed mature horses?

A

Small strongyles

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8
Q

Hosts for small strongyles

A

Equids (DH)

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9
Q

Small strongyles habitat

A

Intestines

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10
Q

What is the most infectious stage of small strongyles?

A

When larvae molt to L3

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11
Q

Identification of small strongyles

A

Clear, smooth shell surface
Dark, morula-stage in fresh feces
Buccal cavity (usually shallow)

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12
Q

What type of lifecycle do small strongyles have?

A

Direct

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13
Q

Route of infection for small strongyles

A

Ingestion of l3

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14
Q

Pre-patent period for small strongyles

A

5+ weeks

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15
Q

What is a pre-patent period?

A

Period where larvae are maturing in the body

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16
Q

What is arrested development?

A

When a parasite is able to hangout in the stable gut of an animal until they deem the environment safe

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17
Q

What is encystment?

A

Embedding of parasite into the body (I.e. embedding in mucosal walls)

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18
Q

What can cause mechanical damage and inflammation in small strongyles?

A

L4 encystment

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19
Q

What does Larval cyathostominosis?

A

Synchronous emergence of arrested larvae

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20
Q

What symptoms does L4 encystment cause?

A

Non-responsive diarrhea, hypoproteinemia, edema, weight loss

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21
Q

What are the typical constraints for LC?

A

Seasonal, ages 1 to 4 typically that have been recently dewormed

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22
Q

What is chronic cyathostominosis?

A

Normal maturation/life cycle of a parasite

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23
Q

What symptoms are seen with CC?

A

Poor hair coat, weight loss, loose stool, pot-belly

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24
Q

How do we diagnosis small strongyles for equids?

A

Fecal float/Fecal egg count

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25
Q

What type of treatment do we use for small strongyles of equids?

A

Selective deworming
- 80/20 rule: identify and treat the 20%

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26
Q

How do we treat foals that present with small strongyles?

A

Fenbendazoles

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27
Q

How do we treat mature horses that present with small strongyles?

A

Macrocyclic

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28
Q

Other than deworming, what is recommended for equids with LC?

A

Steroids to help with inflammation

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29
Q

Large strongyles of equids are now

A

Emerging from extinction

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30
Q

Large strongyles host

A

Equids (DH)

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31
Q

Large strongyles habitat

A

Intestine or extra-intestinal stages

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32
Q

Large strongyles juveniles

A

Migrate and cause disease
- S. Vulgaris: Cranial Mesatamic Artery (o2 to organs)
- others: liver and other organs

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33
Q

Large strongyles environment

A

L3

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34
Q

Identification for Large strongyles of equids

A

Deep, rounded buccal cavity with teeth

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35
Q

Life cycle of large strongyles of equids

A

Direct

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36
Q

Routes of infection for large strongyles

A

Ingestion of L3

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37
Q

Pre-patent period of S. Vulgaris

A

5-7 months - CMA

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38
Q

Clinical signs from migrating larvae in large strongyles

A

Mechanical damage, inflammation
- thromboembolic colic/ verminous arteritis

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39
Q

What does thromboembolic colic/verminous artertiris?

A

Liver and/or pancreas fibrosis
- can see vascular disease

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40
Q

Clinical signs from adults of large strongyles

A

Minimal blood loss, inflammation and ulceration

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41
Q

How do we diagnosis large strongyles of equids?

A

Fecal float/ fecal egg count
- clinical signs
- lesions at necropsy (hind gut and CMA)

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42
Q

How do we treat large strongyles? Resistance?

A

Many drugs, none known for resistance

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43
Q

How do we prevent/control large and small strongyles

A

-deworm high shedders
- stall vs pasture
-prompt removal of fresh feces

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44
Q

What is the common name for Oesophagostomum spp. ?

A

Nodular worms

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45
Q

What are the hosts for Oesophagostomum spp.?

A

Cattle, sheep, goats, swine (all DH)

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46
Q

What is the habitat for Oesophagostomum spp?

A

Intestinal and mucosal stages
- adults live in large intestine
- juveniles migrate (mucosal only)

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47
Q

What is the environment for Oesophagostomum spp.?

A

L1 hatch from egg, molt to L3

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48
Q

What is the best way to identify Oesophagostomum spp.?

A

Who it came out of
- have cervical vesicle, shallow buccal cavity

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49
Q

If you see nodules on the intestines of ruminants and swine, what parasite are you dealing with?

A

Oesophagostomum spp.

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50
Q

What type of lifecycle does Oesophagostomum spp. have? What is it’s ROI?

A

Direct
Ingestion of L3

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51
Q

What is the PPP of Oesophagostomum spp.?

A

3-7+ weeks
- can go into arrested development

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52
Q

Clinical signs of Oesophagostomum spp.?

A

Nodules (subsequent infections= larger nodules)
Malabsorption, ulceration, anorexia, diarrhea, straining to deficate, weight loss, emaciation, weakness

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53
Q

Diagnosis of Oesophagostomum? What do we look for?

A

Fecal float- look for eggs similar to equine strongyles
- id adults and nodules at necropsy

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54
Q

How do we treat Oesophagostomum spp.? Resistance?

A

Many drugs work, none can target encystment larvae
- most popular: eprinomectin/doramectin
No resistance known

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55
Q

Prevention and control for Oesophagostomum spp.?

A

Prompt removal of feces is best
Keep feces away from animals (i.e. slatted floors)

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56
Q

What is the parasite known as the swine kidney worm?

A

Stephanurus dentatus

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57
Q

What parasite causes 95% of liver condemnations?

A

Stephanurus dentatus

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58
Q

Where geographically is Stephanurus dentatus most common?

A

The South

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59
Q

What hosts does Stephanurus dentatus have?

A

DH: swine
PH: earthworm

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60
Q

Habitat for Stephanurus dentatus?

A

Intestinal and extra-intestinal stages
- larval migration to the liver (cause disease)
- adults in the kidney

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61
Q

Environment for Stephanurus dentatus?

A

L1 hatch from egg, molt to L3

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62
Q

How to identify Stephanurus dentatus?

A

Dark, morula-stage internally in fresh URINE

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63
Q

Lifecycle and ROI of Stephanurus dentatus

A

Direct
-ingestion of L3
-skin penetration by L3
- ingest PH

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64
Q

PPP of Stephanurus dentatus

A

9-16 months (LONG)!!!!
- stay in the liver for a while

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65
Q

Clinical signs of Stephanurus dentatus

A

Liver condemnation, dermatitis (if penetrates the skin), aberrant migration to muscle and spinal cord

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66
Q

Diagnosis of Stephanurus dentatus

A

Eggs in urine
Lesions at necropsy, liver scarring

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67
Q

Treatment of Stephanurus dentatus

A

3 classes of swine dewormers should work
- fenbendazole, ivermectin/doramectin, levamisole

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68
Q

Prevention/control of Stephanurus dentatus

A

Bio-secure facility vs outdoor rearing
- keep movement of paramedic hosts and bugs out of environment

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69
Q

Trichostrongyloidea: what is specific about this parasite family?

A

Some genera are VERY important pathogens
- cannot tell them apart

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70
Q

HOTC parasites and Nematodirus spp. : Habitat

A

Gastrointestinal and mucosal stages
- adults in GI lumen
- juveniles migrate: mucosal only

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71
Q

HOTC parasites and Nematodirus spp. : environment

A

L1 hatch from egg, molt to L3

72
Q

Haemonchus contortus host

A

Sheep and goats (DH)

73
Q

Haemonchus contortus looks like

A

Baberpole worm (due to color changes)

74
Q

Ostertagia ostertagi host

A

Most important in cattle

75
Q

Ostertagia ostertagi is known as

A

Brown stomach worm

76
Q

Trichostrongylus spp. host

A

Horses, ruminants and swine

77
Q

Trichostrongulus spp. is known as

A

“Hair” worm

78
Q

Cooperate spp. is known as

A

“Cooper’s” worm

79
Q

Nematodirus spp. is known as

A

Intestinal “threadworm”

80
Q

HOTC parasites identification

A

Larval lesions
- cannot identify difference in eggs

81
Q

Morroco leather abomasum is found in

A

O. Ostertagi

82
Q

Nematodirus spp. identification

A

Huge in size, can be differentiated

83
Q

HOTC parasites and Nematodirus spp. : Lifecycle and ROI

A

Direct
Ingestion of L3

84
Q

HOTC parasites and Nematodirus spp. : PPP

A

3+ weeks

85
Q

HOTC parasites and Nematodirus spp. : clinical signs for Haemonchus and Ostertagia

A

Anemia/pale, edema/“bottle jaw”, emaciation, fatalities

86
Q

What happens during Morocco leather abomasum?

A

L3 enter mucosa, L4 emerge

87
Q

Type 1 Ostertagiasis

A
  • equivalent to CC in equids
  • chronic effects over time (no AD)
  • clinical signs worse @ end of grazing season
  • egg counts usually high
88
Q

Type 2 Ostertagiasis

A
  • equivalent to LC in equids
  • acute presentation (simultaneous of arrested larvae)
  • clinical signs worse @ beginning of grazing season
  • egg counts typically low
    more damaging
89
Q

HOTC parasites and Nematodirus spp. : diagnosis

A

Fecal flotation for eggs/ fecal egg count
- Nematodirus spp. eggs are much larger
- FAMACHA/PCV (Haemonchus)

90
Q

What is FAMACHA and what parasite is it associated with?

A

Visual scale of anemia to guide selective treatments
- Haemonchus

91
Q

HOTC parasites and Nematodirus spp. : treatment? Resistance?

A

Many drugs work
- moxidectin best for Haemonchus

Resistance
- Haemonchus over others

92
Q

HOTC parasites and Nematodirus spp. : prevention/control

A

Prompt removal of feces
Co-grazing with non-susceptible species

93
Q

Dictyocaulus spp. known as

A

Trichostrongyle lungworm

94
Q

Dictyocaulus spp. hosts

A

Donkeys and cattle

95
Q

Dictyocaulus spp. habitat

A

Intestinal to extra-intestinal stages
- adults in trachea/bronchi/bronchioles to larvated eggs in feces

96
Q

Dictyocaulus spp. environment

A

-mature quickly
-free L1, molt to L3

97
Q

Dictyocaulus spp. identification

A

Contains L1 (may hatch before passed in feces)

98
Q

Dictyocaulus spp. lifecycle, ROI and PPP

A

Direct
Ingestion of L3
3-4 weeks

99
Q

Dictyocaulus spp. clinical signs

A

Dyspnea “Husk” cough, nasal discharge
(Dyspnea- trouble breathing)

100
Q

Dictyocaulus spp. diagnosis

A

Fecal float and baermann (look for larvae)

101
Q

Dictyocaulus spp. treatment

A

Several anthelminitics should work

102
Q

Dictyocaulus spp. prevention and control

A

Pasture management
Vaccine for cattle in Europe
Co-grazing (not donkeys with horses)

103
Q

Metastrongyloidea general characteristics

A

some genera are important pathogens for animal and human health
- life cycle: indirect
- diagnostic stage: Larvae (L1) passed in feces

104
Q

Muellerius capillaris common name

A

hair lungworm

105
Q

Muellerius capillaris hosts

A

DH: sheep, goats, wild ruminants
IH: snails

106
Q

Muellerius capillaris habitat

A

intestinal to lymph/blood to lungs
- adults in parenchyma/nodules

107
Q

Muellerius capillaris environment

A

L1 must penetrate snail/slug
L1 to L3 in snail (parasite only alive if snail is alive)

108
Q

Muellerius capillaris identification

A

clear, kinked tail with dorsal appendage

109
Q

Muellerius capillaris lifecycle, ROI, PPP

A

-indirect
-ingestion of IH (snail)
-3-5 weeks

110
Q

Muellerius capillaris clinical signs

A

adults: minimal damage

L1 break through alveoli (cause inflammation)
Heavy infections cause pneumonia/fibrinous pleuritis

111
Q

Muellerius capillaris diagnosis

A

fecal floatation +/- baermann
- start with fecal float to rule out Haemonchus

112
Q

Muellerius capillaris treatment

A

many drugs with success
- if treating for another clinical sign the medication will most likely work

113
Q

Muellerius capillaris prevention/control

A
  • co-grazing with non-susceptible species (not with other small ruminants)
114
Q

Parelaphostrongylus tenuis common name

A

meningeal worm
brain worm

115
Q

Parelaphostrongylus tenuis hosts

A

DH: white-tailed deer
AH: goats, camelids, sheep, wild cervids, cattle
IH: snail/slug

116
Q

Parelaphostrongylus tenuis habitat

A

intestines to meninges (nervous tissue)
- still go to lungs but are in there shortly

  • adults in meninges in DH
  • larvae in nervous tissue in AH
117
Q

Parelaphostrongylus tenuis environment

A

L1 must penetrate snail/slug
L1 to L3 in snail

118
Q

Parelaphostrongylus tenuis identification

A

can only see at necropsy if sample is sent in

119
Q

Parelaphostrongylus tenuis lifecycle, ROI, PPP

A
  • indirect
  • ingestion of IH
  • 3-4 months in DH
120
Q

Parelaphostrongylus tenuis clinical signs

A

WTD: none
AH: neurologic
- lameness, stumbling, head tilt, circling, blindness, loss of fear, death

121
Q

Parelaphostrongylus tenuis diagnosis

A

clinical signs/history
CSF tap (eosinophils)

122
Q

Parelaphostrongylus tenuis treatment

A

steroids (or NSAIDS) to control inflammation

123
Q

Parelaphostrongylus tenuis prevention/control

A

-deer control
-snail control
-prophylactic deworming q 30 days with ivermectin (resistance)

124
Q

Metastrongylus spp. common name

A

swine lungworms

125
Q

Metastrongylus spp. hosts

A

DH: swine
IH: earthworm

126
Q

Metastrongylus spp. habitat

A

intestines to bronchi/bronchioles

127
Q

Metastrongylus spp. environment

A

lariated egg ingested by earthworm
- L1 to L3 in earthworm

128
Q

Metastrongylus spp. identification

A

eggs (larvated)
- cannot use baermann

129
Q

Metastrongylus spp. lifecycle, ROI, PPP

A

indirect
ingestion of IH
3-4 weeks

130
Q

Metastrongylus spp. clinical signs

A
  • coughing
  • airway obstruction
131
Q

Metastrongylus spp. diagnosis

A

fecal float for lariated eggs

132
Q

Metastrongylus spp. treatment

A
  • several drugs work
133
Q

Metastrongylus spp. prevention/control

A

bio-secure vs pasture/dirt-raised (no earthworms)

134
Q

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus common name

A

the feline lungworm

135
Q

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus hosts

A

DH: felids
IH: snails/slugs
PH: birds/rodents/amphibians/reptiles

136
Q

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus habitat

A

L3 migrate from intestines to lungs
L1 hatch from eggs prior to passage in feces

137
Q

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus identification

A

kinked tail with a dorsal spine

138
Q

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus lifecycle/ROI/PPP

A

-indirect
-ROI: ingestion of IH, ingestion of a PH
-6 wks
- L1 passed in feces

139
Q

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus clinical signs

A

chronic cough, usually no signs

140
Q

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus diagnosis

A

Hx (cough, prey)
fecal floatation
- baermann
- BAL

141
Q

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus treatment

A

nothing labeled in US, some drugs kill adult worms
- bravest plus, advantage multi
recommend monthly heart worm preventative

142
Q

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus prevention/control

A

routine deworming
prevent predation/scavenging

143
Q

Crenosoma vulpis common name

A

the fox bronchial worm

144
Q

Crenosoma vulpis habitat

A

L3 migrate from intestines to lungs
- adults in bronchi
- L1 in feces

145
Q

Crenosoma vulpis hosts

A

DH: foxes, raccoons, domestic and wild canids
IH: snails/slugs
- ingest L1 which mature to L3

146
Q

Crenosoma vulpis identification

A

tapered tail; no spine

147
Q

Crenosoma vulpis lifecycle/ ppp

A

indirect
19 days

148
Q

Crenosoma vulpis clinical signs

A

absent to a persistent cough

149
Q

Crenosoma vulpis diagnosis

A

L1 in feces (float/baermann/BAL)
- adults in bronchi

150
Q

Crenosoma vulpis treatment/prevention

A
  • nothing labeled, some drugs kill adult worms
  • prevent scavenging
151
Q

Filaroides and Oslerus spp. common name

A

canine lungworm

152
Q

Filaroides and Oslerus spp. habitat

A

L1 migrate from intestines
L1 in feces/respiratory secretions= infection

153
Q

Filaroides and Oslerus spp. hosts

A

DH: domestic and wild canids
only lungworm that is direct

154
Q

Filaroides and Oslerus spp. lifecycle/ppp

A

direct
5 weeks (filaroides)
6-7 months (oslerus)

155
Q

Filaroides and Oslerus spp. diagnosis

A

FECAL FLOAT
- L1 in feces

156
Q

Filaroides and Oslerus spp. treatment

A

none labeled, some drugs kill adult worms

157
Q

Angiostrongylus cantonensis common name

A

the rat lungworm

158
Q

Angiostrongylus cantonensis habitat

A

L3 migrate from intestines to brain to pulmonary arteries
- L1 in feces

159
Q

Angiostrongylus cantonensis hosts

A

DH: rats/rodents
IH: mollusks
PH: crustacea, amphibians
AH: people, dogs, other mammals
(most of time it is from a snail or slug)

160
Q

Angiostrongylus cantonensis clinical signs

A

eosinophilic meningitis/encephalomyelitis (CSF tap)

161
Q

Angiostrongylus cantonensis diagnosis

A

history and clinical signs
- CSF tap
- PCR available

162
Q

Angiostrongylus cantonensis treatment

A

Anthelmintics CONTRAINDICATED if near signs
-steroids/immunosuppressants/supportive care

163
Q

Angiostrongylus cantonensis zoonotic implications

A

humans usually infected by ingestion of raw snails or crustacean

164
Q

Ancylostoma spp. different species

A

A. caninum-dogs
A. tubaeforme - cats
A. braziliense- cats/dogs (more tropical)

165
Q

Ancylostoma spp. habitat

A

intestinal and/or extra-intestinal stages

166
Q

where does a. caninum travel to?

A

to somatic tissues to mammary tissue

167
Q

Ancylostoma spp. hosts

A

DH: carnivores
- eggs have morula stage
PH: ingest L3 and larvae arrest in tissues

168
Q

Ancylostoma spp. identification

A

teeth/plates in buccal cavity

169
Q

Ancylostoma spp. lifecycle/roi/ppp

A

direct
roi’s:
-ingestion of L3
-skin penetration by L3
-ingestion of a PH (predation)
-transmammary
ppp: 16-28 days

170
Q

Ancylostoma spp. clinical signs

A

-voracious bloodsuckers
-larval leak
-anemia; dark, tarry stool

171
Q

what is larval leak?

A

-normal biology for hooks
-larvae take a break (type of arrested development)
-come out during immunosuprecency
- commonly discussed as resistance
- recheck fecal in 10-14 days

172
Q

Ancylostoma spp. diagnosis

A

Fecal float
- idexx tests (PCR)
- A.I. fecal analyzers

173
Q

Ancylostoma spp. treatment

A

STOP THE BLEEDING!
- many drugs kill adult worms, a couple kill L4
-pyrantel-liquid: start at 2 weeks, repeat q2 wks until on monthly preventative
- fenbendazole
-Heart worm preventatives
Drug resistant A. caninum
REPLACE LOST BLOOD IF NEEDED

174
Q

Ancylostoma spp. prevention/control

A

prompt removal of feces
routine deworming
recheck fecals
prevent predation
deworm pregnant/nursing females

175
Q

Ancylostoma spp. zoonotic implications

A

clm: cutaneous larva migrans (creeping eruptions)
- intense pruritus, serpentine lesions
- eventually parasites die due to being in wrong last

Parasit (1 decks)

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