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pharm 5114 a&p 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Human physiology

A

How the normal body functions
How the body accomplishes tasks essential for life

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2
Q

Define pathophysiology

A

How physiological processes are altered in disease
Drugs are altered in disease

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3
Q

Anatomy

A

Study of the structures of the body

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4
Q

Structural organization of the human body from smallest to largest

A

Chemical level: a molecule in the membrane that encloses a cell
Cellular level: a cell in the stomach lining
Tissue level: layers of the tissue in the stomach wall
Organ level: the stomach
Body system: digestive tract
Organism level: the whole human body

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5
Q

Chemical leve described

A

Atoms: smallest unit of matter
Molecules: atoms combine to form molecules with special characteristics

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6
Q

What are the 4 primary atoms

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen

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7
Q

What are the 5 primary compounds

A

Water
Proteins
Lipids
Nuclei acids
Carbohydrates

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8
Q

What is a cell

A

The living structural and functional unit capable of carrying out life processes

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9
Q

What are parts of the cellular level

A

Organelles which are made of compounds and molecules

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10
Q

What are organelles

A

They are surrounded by a membrane
They carry out specific functions for the cell and are found throughout the cytoplasm
Examples: nucleus , mitochondria, ER, lysosome, etc.

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11
Q

Types of cell functions

A

Basic: essential for the survival of each cell and it is similar for all cells
Specialized: essential for the survival of the human body

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12
Q

What are the basic cell functions

A

Obtain nutrients and oxygen
Metabolism: use nutrients and oxygen in chemical reactions to make ATP + synthesize proteins and other compounds for cellular growth which is important for repair of the plasma membrane
Eliminate cellular waste
Sensitive and responsive to changes in the environment
Control Exchange of materials between the environment and the cell
Reproduction: important for epithelial cells

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13
Q

What are specialized functions for cells

A

Cell differentiation

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14
Q

Primary cell types/tissue types

A

Epithelial
Nerve
Muscle
Connective

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15
Q

What are the two epithelial tissue types

A

Sheets
Glands

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16
Q

What are epithelial sheets

A

Cover and line parts of the body, which include the cavities of hollow organs (ex: stomach lining)
Act as a barrier between the external environment and the internal environment of the body or selective transfer of materials

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17
Q

Classification of epithelial sheets

A

Number of liars and the shape of cells in one layer
Shapes of cells
1. Squamous: flattened
2. Cuboidal: as wide as they are tall
3. Columnar: taller than they are wide
Layers
1. Simple: one cell thick (selective transfer)
2. Stratified: number of layers of cells (more for protection)

18
Q

Examples of epithelial sheets

A

Examples for range of function
Epidermis of the skin: stratified squamous: numerous layers containing keratin
Lining of the GI tract: simple columnar: secretion and absorption of nutrients

19
Q

Meaning of keratin

A

Water resistant that allows for water retention and a barrier to infection

20
Q

Describe the intestinal epithelial cells

A
  1. Constant loss and renewal
  2. Have tight junctions
21
Q

What are the purpose of tight junctions

A

Prevent transfer of harmful microorganisms and toxins from gut lumen into circulation
Transport mechanism for absorption

22
Q

Describe the structure of the mucous membrane (mucosa)

A

One or more layers or epithelial cells
Connective tissue layer (includes blood vessels and nerves)

23
Q

Examples of mucosa

A

Lines body cavities: digestive, urogenital and respiratory tracts, lips, mouth, nasal passages, eustachian tube

24
Q

Functions of mucous (adjective) secretions (mucous= noun)

A

mucin, water, inorganic salts, dead cells: lubricate and protect the tissue (physical barrier preventing penetration by microbes)

25
Q

Serous membrane (serosa)

A

epithelial tissue attached to connective tissue and lines internal body cavities
Forms a two layer ed membrane, cavity between
Cells secrete a lubricating fluid into the cavity: fluid reduces friction

26
Q

Examples of serous membranes

A

Peritoneum: abdominal organs
Pericardium: heart
Pleura: lungs

27
Q

Glands

A

A type of epithelial tissue
Specialized to produce secretions
They synthesize specific productions that are released in response to a specific stimulus

28
Q

Two types of glands

A

Exocrine: secretions flow through ducts
Endocrine: secretions emptied into blood vessels

29
Q

How do glands form

A

Invagination, forms pocket of epithelial cells

30
Q

Exocrine glands

A
31
Q

Endocrine glands

A
32
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Cells specialized for contraction and force generation

33
Q

Types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

34
Q

About skeletal muscle tissue

A

Striated, cells run the length of the muscle
Voluntary( conscious control mostly)
Attached to bones by tendons (exceptions: tongue, superior portion of the esophagus, anal sphincter, diaphragm)

35
Q

About cardiac muscle tissue

A

Short, branched, striated
Arranged so all cells in the chamber contract as a whole
Contain intercalated discs: connective tissue that couple with myocardial cells together including mechanically and electrically
Have gap junctions: ion channels are located here where action potentials pass through

36
Q

About smooth muscle tissue

A

No striations, meaning no actin or myosin
Found in the digestive tract, blood vessels, bronchioles, ducts of reproductive and urinary systems

37
Q

Nerve tissue

A

Neurons=nerve cells
specialized for the initiation and transmission of electrical impulses

38
Q

Neuralgia cells

A

Also referred to as glial cells
Functional and structural support for the neurons
Helps aid in taking excess ions like potassium
Help neurons find its place during development
Maintain synaptic connection

39
Q

Neurons

A

Parts: cell body and dendrites( receptive areas), axon (specialized for conducting nerve impulses)
Control the activity of other cells
-initiation of impulses in other nerve cells, secretion by gland cells, contraction of a muscle cell

40
Q

Connective tissue

A

Connects, anchors, supports, insulates, protects the structures of the body
Few cells: fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts) and a large amount of extra cellular material
Extracellular material (matrix): fibers and ground substance

pharm 5114 a&p 1 (1 decks)

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