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Neuropsychology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Behavioral Science

A

-studies the relationship between behavior and the body/brain

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2
Q

Behavior

A

-overt acts and internal events (learning, thinking, emotions)

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3
Q

Mind-Brain Problem

A

-deals with what the mind is and its relationship to the brain

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4
Q

Monism

A

-idea that the mind and body consist of the same substance

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5
Q

Materialistic Monism

A

-view that body and mind and everything else are physical

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6
Q

Dualism

A

-idea that the mind and brain are separate

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7
Q

Model

A

-a proposed mechanism for how something works
(theory, simpler, organism, simulation or system studied)

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8
Q

Empiricism

A

-gathering information through observation

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9
Q

Heimholtz and the Electric Brain

A

-Hermann von Heimholte demonstrated nerves do not behave like conducting wires

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10
Q

Luigi Galvani

A

-used electricity to stimulate nerves in the late 1700s

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11
Q

Gustav Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig

A

-dog brain stimulation

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12
Q

The Localization Issue

A

-localization: idea that specific areas of the brain carry out specific functions

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13
Q

Phrenology

A

-each of 35 different “factuality’s” of emotion and intellect located in precise areas of the brain

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14
Q

Equipotentiality

A

-the idea that the brain can function as an undifferentiated whole
-opposite of localization

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15
Q

Gene

A

-biological unit that directs cellular processes and transits inherited characteristics
-Zygote - Embryo - Fetus

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16
Q

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

A

-double standard double helix chain of chemical molecules

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17
Q

Zygote

A

-fertilized egg which undergoes rapid cell division and development
-each parent gives 23 chromosomes 46 total

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18
Q

Embryo

A

-new organism as it develops over first 8 weeks

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19
Q

Fetus

A

-organism at developmental stage between 9 weeks and birth

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20
Q

Alleles

A

-different versions of a gene

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21
Q

Dominant Allele

A

-prodices effect regardless of which allele it is paired with

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22
Q

Recessive Allele

A

-has influenced only when paired with the same allele

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23
Q

Heterozygous

A

-two alleles are different

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24
Q

Homosygous

A

-two alleles are identical

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25
Q

Phenotype

A

-an observable characteristic

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26
Q

Genotype

A

-combonation of alleles

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27
Q

X-linked

A

-a characteristic produced by an unpaired gene on the x-chromosomes

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28
Q

Polygenic

A

-characteristics determined by several genes

29
Q

Genome

A

-all the genes in our chromosomes

30
Q

Human Genome Project

A

-project with the goal to map the location of all the genes on the human chromosomes

31
Q

Gene Expression

A

-translation of encoded information into production of proteins

32
Q

Heredity

A

-destiny or predisposition

33
Q

Natural Selection

A

-those whose genes have more adaptive traits are more likely to survive and reproduce

34
Q

Hertability

A

-percentage of the variation in a characteristic atributed to genetic factors

35
Q

Vulnerability

A

-genes contribute to predisposition for a disorder

36
Q

Neurons

A

-cells that convey sensory information to the brain, carry out operations and transmit commands to the body
-half of brain cells

37
Q

Neurons are responsible for:

A

-movement
-thought
-memory
-emotion

38
Q

Cell Body

A

-most prominent part of the neuron, aka soma, contains chromosomes

39
Q

Motor Neuron

A

-carries commands to the muscles/organs

40
Q

Dendrites

A

-extensions that branch out from the cell body to receive information from neurons

41
Q

Axon

A

-extends like a trail from cell body and carries information to other locations and wrapped in myelin

42
Q

Axon Terminals

A

-swellings at tips of each branch at end of axon, containing neurotransmitters

43
Q

Neurotransmitters (NTs)

A

-chemicals the neuron releases to communicate with a muscle, organ, or next neuron

44
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

-carry information from the body and outside world into the brain and spinal cord (unipolar and bipolar)

45
Q

Interneurons

A

-neurons which connect one neuron to another in the same part of the brain or spinal cord

46
Q

Polarization

A

-a state of difference in electrical charge between inside and outside of the neuron

47
Q

Voltage

A

-difference in electrical charge between two parts

48
Q

Resting Potential

A

-difference in charge between inside and outside of membrane of a neuron at rest -70mV

49
Q

Ions

A

-atoms that have lost or gained electrons

50
Q

Force of Diffusion

A

-tendency of ions to move through membrane to less concentrated side

51
Q

Electrostatic Pressure

A

-force in which ions are repelled from side similarly charged and attracted to oppositely charged side

52
Q

Sodium Potassium Pump

A

-large protein molecules that have 3 sodium ions through cell membrane outside and two potassium ions back inside

53
Q

Action Potentials

A

-abrupt depolarization of membrane that allows neuron to communicate

54
Q

Graded Potential

A

-local potential which varies in magnitude with the strength of the stimulus that produced it

55
Q

All-or-none law

A

-ungraded action potential follows this principle, mean that it occurs at full strength or it does not occur at all

56
Q

Nondecremental

A

-quality of action potentials in which they travel down the axon without any decrease in size propagated anew and at full strength

57
Q

Refactory Period

A

-absolute refectory period
-relative refactory period

58
Q

Rate Law

A

-axon encodes stimulus intensity not in the size of its action

59
Q

Glial Cells

A

-non-neural cells that provide a number of supporting functions to neurons

60
Q

Myelin

A

-fatty tissue that wraps around axon to insulate it

61
Q

Types of Glial Cells

A

-oligodendrocytes and schwann cells

62
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

-gaps in the myelin sheath

63
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

-a form of transmission in which action potentials appear to jump from node to node radial glia, microglia, astrocytes

64
Q

Synapse

A

-small gap which seperates neurons so they are not in direct physical contact

65
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A

-the gap

66
Q

Presynaptic

A

-sends signals

67
Q

Postsynaptic

A

-receives signals

68
Q

Vesicles

A

Neuropsychology (1 decks)

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