Exam 1

Question 1

W.H.O. definition of health

Answer 1

A state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity.

Question 2

What are some determinants of health?

Answer 2

Genetics, stress levels, physical and social environments, government policies and interventions, access to quality health care.

Question 3

Disease

Answer 3

any deviation from or interruption of the normal structure/function of the body which is manifested by specific symptoms or signs

Question 4

Symptom

Answer 4

What the patient tells you.

Question 5

Sign

Answer 5

What is observable

Question 6

Asymptomatic vs Symptomatic

Answer 6

Asymptomatic is when the disease is present but without any associated symptoms or discomfort.
Symptomatic is when the disease is present with symptoms

Question 7

Describe the disease continuum

Answer 7

The left side has the end of life, severe, life-threatening illness. The Right side has the WHO definition of health. Mostly everyone falls in between these 2 spots, with the right side being the goal

Question 8

Patho-
physi/o
-ogy

Answer 8

Bad/diseased
functioning
study of

Focus on the mechanisms underlying disease.

Question 9

Exam quote #1

Answer 9

Pathophysiology provides basis for preventive & therapeutic health measures and nursing practice

Question 10

etiologic factors

Answer 10

the reason something is in the body

Question 11

Concepts of etiology to note

Answer 11

1 disease agent can affect multiple organs
Multiple disease agents can affect 1 organ
Most diseases have many causes.

Question 12

Risk factors (definition and types)

Answer 12

Predisposing conditions for a particular disease

Congenital (present at birth) or Acquired (caused by events that occur after birth)

Question 13

pathogenesis

Answer 13

The sequence of events that take place from initial contact to expression of disease

describe how the disease process evolves

Question 14

morphology

Answer 14

gross anatomical and microscopic changes that are characteristic of a disease

Question 15

Lesion

Answer 15

ANY discontinuity of a body organ or itssue

Question 16

syndrome

Answer 16

a compilation of signs & symptoms that show a specific disease state

Question 17

diagnosis

Answer 17

nurses will never do this

designation as to the nature or cause of a health problem based on information from health history and physical examination

Question 18

Diagnostic tests and procedures

Answer 18

assist in diagnosis to weigh risks against benefits

may be invasive or noninvasive

Question 19

validity vs reliability

Answer 19

validity is how correct a measurement is while reliability is how repeatable the measurement is

Question 20

reference ranges

Answer 20

Healthy volunteers are tested to create a frequency distribution/bell curve to reference patient levels

Question 21

acute vs chronic vs subacute disease

Answer 21

acute disorders are short-lived and relatively severe
chronic disorders have a long-term process and continuous symptoms
subacute disease is somewhere between acute and chronic disease

Question 22

preclinical vs subclinical vs clinical vs carrier

Answer 22

preclinical is when the disease is not evident but is destined to progress into clinical
subclinical is when the disease is not evident and not destined to become clinically apparent
clinical is when the disease is evident and characterized by signs and symptoms
carrier status is when someone harbors the organism and can spread it but does not have the disease

Question 23

stress as a transitional or interactional concept

Answer 23

how the person reacts to stress/a situation will impact how they physically react/develop/fight a diseased state

Question 24

homeostasis (another word for it and definition)

Answer 24

allostasis

purposeful maintenance of a stable internal environment by physiologic processes that oppose change

*does not occur by chance but rather by organized self-governance

Question 25

negative feedback mechanisms

Answer 25

maintains stability in the system by lessening when too high and increasing when too low

Question 26

positive feedback mechanisms

Answer 26

produces a cycle in which the stimulus produces more of the same

Question 27

stress, endogenous, exogenous

Answer 27

state manifested by specific signs and symptoms of the body developed in response to stimuli (stressors)

endogenous are stressors occurring inside the body
exogenous are stressors occurring outside the body

Question 28

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Answer 28

General; effect is a general systemic reaction

Adaptation; the response is in reaction to a stressor

Syndrome; the physical manifestations are coordinated & dependent on each other

Question 29

Stages of GAS

Answer 29

Alarm; CNS aroused and body defenses mobilize

Resistance; Fight or flight response initiates to attempt to return to homeostasis

Exhaustion; if body has not adapted and there is a chronic stressor, there could be progressive breakdown of body mechanisms

Question 30

types of stress

Answer 30

eustress; “good stress” mild, brief, controllable periods of stress; critical for emotional and intellectual growth

distress; “bad stress” severe, protracted, uncontrollable situations of stress that could be potentially disruptive of health

Question 31

Exam quote #2

Answer 31

the relative risk for development of a stress-related pathologic process depends on internal and external adaptive capacity

Question 32

immune system and stress

Answer 32

Stress response is mediated by nervous and endocrine systems

chronically high stress, low immune function, bigger chance of chronic disease
chronically low stress, high immune function, bigger chance of autoimmune disease

Question 33

hypothalamic pituitary adrenal cortex axis (HPA axis)

Answer 33

mediated by glucocorticoids secreted by adrenal CORtex; CORtisol

Question 34

sympathetic nervous system hormones

Answer 34

mediated by CATECHOLAMINES secreted by adrenal medulla (epi and norepi)