Exam 1 Flashcards
Heart, blood vessels, blood
circulatory
transports materials between all cells of the body
circulatory
stomach, intestine, liver, pancreas
digestive
conversion of food into particles that can be transported into the body; elimination of some wastes
digestive
thyroid gland, adrenal gland
endocrine
coordination of body function through synthesis and release of regulatory molecules
endocrine
thymus, spleen, lymph nodes
immune
defense against foreign invaders
immune
skin
integumentary
protection from external environment
integumentary
skeletal muscles, bone
musculoskeletal
support and movement
musculoskeletal
brain, spinal cord
nervous
coordination of body function through electrical signals and release of regulatory molecules
nervous
ovaries and uterus, testes
reproductive
perpetuation of the species
reproductive
lungs and airways
respiratory
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the internal and external enviornments
respiratory
kidneys, bladder
urinary
maintenance of water and solutes in the internal environment; waste removal
urinary
what approach do most physiologists take to study physiological processes
mechanistic approach
the approach that is “bench to bedside”
translational research
five major themes
- Structure and function across all levels of organization
- energy transfer, storage, and use
3.information flow, storage, and use within single organisms and within a species of organism - homeostasis and the control systems that maintain it
- evolution
study of body functions in a disease state
pathophysiology
volume of blood cleared of substance x per unit of time
Clearance
is clearance a direct or indirect measure of how substance x is handled by the body
Indirect
Hepatocytes
Liver cells
body compartments is relatively stable (NOT equal) and there is no net movement of material between two compartments
Steady States
what are the two control systems
local control and long-distance reflex control
Three components of control systems
input signal -> a controller (integrating center) ->output signal that creates a response
integrates incoming information and initiates an appropriate response
integrating center
What is different about long-distance reflex
more complex and might include multiple sources and have an output that acts on multiple targets
Contain carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
biomolecules
4 main groups of biomolecules
-carbohydrates
-lipids
-proteins
-nucleotides
conjugated proteins are..
protein combines with other biomolecule
Glycosylated molecules are
carbs attached to other biomolecules
Lipid characteristics
-nonpolar
-hydrophobic
what does the lipid structure consist of?
-glycerol backbone
-fatty acids attached
Difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
unsaturated fatty acids has at least one carbon to carbon double bond while saturated fatty acids only have single bonds between carbons
Elconsanoids
-immune system functions
Steroids
-four linked carbon ring
-Cholesterol is the primary source of steroids in the body
Cortisol is a example of a
steroid
phospholipids
-a lipid structure attached to a phosphate group
-Amphipathic
What two lipids are components of animal cell membranes
Cholesterol and phospholipids
Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides are all…
Carbohydrates
2 or more Amino Acids bound is a
peptide
what type of bond binds two or more Amino Acids together
Peptide Bond
2-9 Amino Acids
Oligopeptides
10-100 amino acids
polypeptides
> 100 amino acids
Proteins
What happens in the primary Structure of peptides and proteins
20 protein forming amino acids assemble into polymers called peptides
what happens in the secondary structure of peptides and proteins
covalent bonds angles between amino acids determine the structure of the peptides
what are the two primary structures
-alpha helix
-beta strands form sheets
What happens in the tertiary structure of proteins
-proteins takes a three dimensional shape –either chains or globular proteins
What happens in the Quaternary Structure of proteins
the subunits (globular proteins) combine with noncovalent bonds
what is produced when a peptide bond is formed
water
electrons shared between atoms
covalent bonding
gain/loss of electrons
ion formation
capture and transfer of energy (ATP synthesis)
high energy electrons
Unpaired electrons
free radical
what are important cations of the body
sodium, potassium, calcium, hydrogen
what are important anions of the body
Chloride and Bicarbonate
Are polar or non polar molecules soluble in aqueous sol
polar
Weak, nonspecific interactions
wanderwaals forces
weak bonds occurring between hydrogen, oxygen, florine, nitrogen
Hydrogen Bonds
Electrostatic interactions between cations and anions
Ionic bonds
polar molecules dissolve easily
hydrophilic
non polar do not readily dissolve
hydrophobic
Donate H+
Acids
Accepts H+
Bases
What is the equation to measure pH
pH=-log [H+}
The seven categories of soluble proteins
-enzymes
-membrane transport
-signaling Molecules
-binding proteins
-immunoglobulins
-regulatory proteins
Molecule that binds to the binding sit on another molecule
Ligand
What do binding properties dictate
interactions and responses
High affinity means
more likely for the protein and ligand to bind
for reactions at equilibrium, the ratio of reactants and products are the same
Law of mass action
what does K_d
dissociation constant
high affinity means
low K_d
functionally and structurally similar proteins
isoforms
do some proteins need to be activated?
Yes
-reverse antagonists that compete with the ligand
-agonists can also compete, but would have the same effect/response
Competitive Inhibitors
-bind to different site
-can be agonists or antagonists
Allosteric Modulators
What physical factors can denature proteins
Tempt and pH
