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Human Physiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Heart, blood vessels, blood

A

circulatory

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2
Q

transports materials between all cells of the body

A

circulatory

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3
Q

stomach, intestine, liver, pancreas

A

digestive

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4
Q

conversion of food into particles that can be transported into the body; elimination of some wastes

A

digestive

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5
Q

thyroid gland, adrenal gland

A

endocrine

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6
Q

coordination of body function through synthesis and release of regulatory molecules

A

endocrine

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7
Q

thymus, spleen, lymph nodes

A

immune

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8
Q

defense against foreign invaders

A

immune

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9
Q

skin

A

integumentary

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10
Q

protection from external environment

A

integumentary

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11
Q

skeletal muscles, bone

A

musculoskeletal

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12
Q

support and movement

A

musculoskeletal

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13
Q

brain, spinal cord

A

nervous

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14
Q

coordination of body function through electrical signals and release of regulatory molecules

A

nervous

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15
Q

ovaries and uterus, testes

A

reproductive

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16
Q

perpetuation of the species

A

reproductive

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17
Q

lungs and airways

A

respiratory

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18
Q

exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the internal and external enviornments

A

respiratory

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19
Q

kidneys, bladder

A

urinary

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20
Q

maintenance of water and solutes in the internal environment; waste removal

A

urinary

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21
Q

what approach do most physiologists take to study physiological processes

A

mechanistic approach

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22
Q

the approach that is “bench to bedside”

A

translational research

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23
Q

five major themes

A
  1. Structure and function across all levels of organization
  2. energy transfer, storage, and use
    3.information flow, storage, and use within single organisms and within a species of organism
  3. homeostasis and the control systems that maintain it
  4. evolution
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24
Q

study of body functions in a disease state

A

pathophysiology

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25
Q

volume of blood cleared of substance x per unit of time

A

Clearance

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26
Q

is clearance a direct or indirect measure of how substance x is handled by the body

A

Indirect

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27
Q

Hepatocytes

A

Liver cells

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28
Q

body compartments is relatively stable (NOT equal) and there is no net movement of material between two compartments

A

Steady States

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29
Q

what are the two control systems

A

local control and long-distance reflex control

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30
Q

Three components of control systems

A

input signal -> a controller (integrating center) ->output signal that creates a response

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31
Q

integrates incoming information and initiates an appropriate response

A

integrating center

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32
Q

What is different about long-distance reflex

A

more complex and might include multiple sources and have an output that acts on multiple targets

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33
Q

Contain carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen

A

biomolecules

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34
Q

4 main groups of biomolecules

A

-carbohydrates
-lipids
-proteins
-nucleotides

35
Q

conjugated proteins are..

A

protein combines with other biomolecule

36
Q

Glycosylated molecules are

A

carbs attached to other biomolecules

37
Q

Lipid characteristics

A

-nonpolar
-hydrophobic

38
Q

what does the lipid structure consist of?

A

-glycerol backbone
-fatty acids attached

39
Q

Difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

A

unsaturated fatty acids has at least one carbon to carbon double bond while saturated fatty acids only have single bonds between carbons

40
Q

Elconsanoids

A

-immune system functions

41
Q

Steroids

A

-four linked carbon ring
-Cholesterol is the primary source of steroids in the body

42
Q

Cortisol is a example of a

A

steroid

43
Q

phospholipids

A

-a lipid structure attached to a phosphate group
-Amphipathic

44
Q

What two lipids are components of animal cell membranes

A

Cholesterol and phospholipids

45
Q

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides are all…

A

Carbohydrates

46
Q

2 or more Amino Acids bound is a

A

peptide

47
Q

what type of bond binds two or more Amino Acids together

A

Peptide Bond

48
Q

2-9 Amino Acids

A

Oligopeptides

49
Q

10-100 amino acids

A

polypeptides

50
Q

> 100 amino acids

A

Proteins

51
Q

What happens in the primary Structure of peptides and proteins

A

20 protein forming amino acids assemble into polymers called peptides

52
Q

what happens in the secondary structure of peptides and proteins

A

covalent bonds angles between amino acids determine the structure of the peptides

53
Q

what are the two primary structures

A

-alpha helix
-beta strands form sheets

54
Q

What happens in the tertiary structure of proteins

A

-proteins takes a three dimensional shape –either chains or globular proteins

55
Q

What happens in the Quaternary Structure of proteins

A

the subunits (globular proteins) combine with noncovalent bonds

56
Q

what is produced when a peptide bond is formed

A

water

57
Q

electrons shared between atoms

A

covalent bonding

58
Q

gain/loss of electrons

A

ion formation

59
Q

capture and transfer of energy (ATP synthesis)

A

high energy electrons

60
Q

Unpaired electrons

A

free radical

61
Q

what are important cations of the body

A

sodium, potassium, calcium, hydrogen

62
Q

what are important anions of the body

A

Chloride and Bicarbonate

63
Q

Are polar or non polar molecules soluble in aqueous sol

A

polar

64
Q

Weak, nonspecific interactions

A

wanderwaals forces

65
Q

weak bonds occurring between hydrogen, oxygen, florine, nitrogen

A

Hydrogen Bonds

66
Q

Electrostatic interactions between cations and anions

A

Ionic bonds

67
Q

polar molecules dissolve easily

A

hydrophilic

68
Q

non polar do not readily dissolve

A

hydrophobic

69
Q

Donate H+

A

Acids

70
Q

Accepts H+

A

Bases

71
Q

What is the equation to measure pH

A

pH=-log [H+}

72
Q

The seven categories of soluble proteins

A

-enzymes
-membrane transport
-signaling Molecules
-binding proteins
-immunoglobulins
-regulatory proteins

73
Q

Molecule that binds to the binding sit on another molecule

A

Ligand

74
Q

What do binding properties dictate

A

interactions and responses

75
Q

High affinity means

A

more likely for the protein and ligand to bind

76
Q

for reactions at equilibrium, the ratio of reactants and products are the same

A

Law of mass action

77
Q

what does K_d

A

dissociation constant

78
Q

high affinity means

A

low K_d

79
Q

functionally and structurally similar proteins

A

isoforms

80
Q

do some proteins need to be activated?

A

Yes

81
Q

-reverse antagonists that compete with the ligand
-agonists can also compete, but would have the same effect/response

A

Competitive Inhibitors

82
Q

-bind to different site
-can be agonists or antagonists

A

Allosteric Modulators

83
Q

What physical factors can denature proteins

A

Tempt and pH

Human Physiology (1 decks)

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